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1. Thorium and Rare Earth Monoxides and Related Phases

   https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041350  

   Ushakov, Sergey V.; Hong, Qi-Jun; Gilbert, Dustin A.; Navrotsky, Alexandra; Walle, Axel van (February 2023, Materials)

   Thorium was a part of energy infrastructure in the 19th century due to the refractory and electronic properties of its dioxide. It will be a part of future energy infrastructure as the most abundant energy reserve based on nuclear fission. This paper discusses the solid-state chemistry of the monoxides and related rocksalt phases of thorium and the rare earths, both at atmospheric and at high pressure. The existence of solid thorium monoxide was first suggested more than 100 years ago; however, it was never obtained in bulk and has been studied mostly theoretically. Monoxides of lanthanides from Eu to Ho are ferromagnetic semiconductors sought for spintronics and were studied in thin films. La to Sm metallic monoxides were synthesized in bulk at pressures below 5 GPa. Recently, ThO formation in thin films has been reported and the stability of bulk ThO at high pressure was theoretically predicted based on first principles computations at 0 K. New ab initio computations were performed accounting for temperature effects up to 1000 K using lattice dynamics in the quasi-harmonic approximation. New computational results confirm the stabilization of pure ThO above 30 GPa and suggest the possibility of high-pressure synthesis of (Th,Nd)O at 1000 K and 5 GPa. 

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2. Qualities and Quantities of Poultry Litter Biochar Characterization and Investigation

   Yang, Y; Qian, X; Alamu, SO; Brown, K; Lee, SW; Kang, D-H (June 2024, Energies)

   Rusănescu, C; Ungureanu, N (Ed.)

   Excessive land application of poultry litter (PL) may lead to surface runoff of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), which cause eutrophication, fish death, and water pollution that ultimately have negative effects on humans and animals. Increases in poultry production in the Delmarva Peninsula underscore the need for more efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable disposal technologies for processing PL instead of direct land application. The pyrolysis conversion process can potentially produce nutrient-rich poultry litter biochar (PLB), while the pyrolysis process can change the N and P to a more stable component, thus reducing its runoff. Pyrolysis also kills off any microorganisms that would otherwise trigger negative environmental health effects. This study is to apply an integrated method and investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature (300 °C, 500 °C), poultry litter source (different feedstock composition), and bedding material mixture (10% pine shavings) on PLB qualities and quantities. Proximate and ultimate analysis showed PL sources and bedding material addition influenced the physicochemical properties of feedstock. The SEM and BET surface results indicate that pyrolysis temperature had a significant effect on changing the PLB morphology and structure, as well as the pH value (7.78 at 300 °C vs. 8.78 at 500 °C), extractable phosphorus (P) (18.73 ppm at 300 °C vs. 11.72 ppm at 500 °C), sulfur (S) (363 ppm at 300 °C vs. 344 ppm at 500 °C), and production yield of PLBs (47.65% at 300 °C vs. 60.62% at 500 °C). The results further suggest that adding a bedding material mixture (10% pine shavings) to PLs improved qualities by reducing the content of extractable P and S, as well as pH values of PLBs. This study also found the increment in both the pore volume and the area of Bethel Farm was higher than that of Sun Farm. Characterization and investigation of qualities and quantities of PLB using the integrated framework suggest that PL from Bethel Farm could produce better-quality PLB at a higher pyrolysis temperature and bedding material mixture to control N and P runoff problems. 

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3. Simulating 3-D Stellar Hydrodynamics using PPM and PPB Multifluid Gas Dynamics on CPU and CPU+GPU Nodes

   https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1225/1/012020  

   Woodward, Paul R.; Lin, Pei-Hung; Mao, Huaqing; Andrassy, Robert; Herwig, Falk (June 2019, Journal of physics. Conference series)

   The special computational challenges of simulating 3-D hydrodynamics in deep stellar interiors are discussed, and numerical algorithmic responses described. Results of recent simulations carried out at scale on the NSF's Blue Waters machine at the University of Illinois are presented, with a special focus on the computational challenges they address. Prospects for future work using GPU-accelerated nodes such as those on the DoE's new Summit machine at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are described, with a focus on numerical algorithmic accommodations that we believe will be necessary. 

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4. Cluster Preface: Electrochemical Synthesis and Catalysis

   https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1689970  

   Kawamata, Yu; Baran, Phil S. (May 2019, Synlett)

   null (Ed.)

   Yu Kawamata was born in Japan in 1988, and he completed his undergraduate education at Kyoto University. He obtained his master’s degree and his Ph.D. at the same university under the supervision of Professor Keiji Maruoka, and he undertook a short-term internship at The Scripps Research Institute working on natural product synthesis with Professor Phil S. Baran. Upon completion of his doctoral studies, he returned to the Baran laboratory as a research associate and currently is pursuing his postdoctoral studies on organic electrochemistry.Phil S. Baran was born in New Jersey in 1977 and completed his undergraduate education at New York University in 1997. After earning his Ph.D. at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) in 2001, he pursued postdoctoral studies at Harvard University until 2003, at which point he returned to TSRI to begin his independent career. He was promoted to the rank of professor in 2008 and is currently the Darlene Shiley Professor of Chemistry. The mission of his laboratory is to educate students at the intersection of fundamental organic chemistry and translational science. 

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5. Anomalous soft photons: Status and perspectives

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.10.002  

   Bailhache, R; Bonocore, D; Braun-Munzinger, P; Feal, X; Floerchinger, S; Klein, J; Köhler, K; Lebiedowicz, P; Peter, CM; Rapp, R; et al (December 2024, Physics Reports)

   This report summarizes the work of the EMMI Rapid Reaction Task Force on “Real and Virtual Photon Production at Ultra-Low Transverse Momentum and Low Mass at the LHC”. We provide an overview of the soft-photon puzzle, i.e., of the long-standing discrepancy between experimental data and predictions based on Low’s soft-photon theorem, also referred to as “anomalous” soft photon production, and we review the current theoretical understanding of soft radiation and soft theorems. We also focus on low-mass dileptons as a tool for determining the electrical conductivity of the medium produced in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. We discuss how both topics can be addressed with the planned ALICE 3 detector at the LHC. 

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