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Abstract Stretchable supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted significant attention in developing power‐independent stretchable electronic systems due to their intrinsic energy storage function and unique mechanical properties. Most current SCs are generally limited by their low stretchability, complicated fabrication process, and insufficient performance and robustness. This study presents a facile method to fabricate arbitrary‐shaped stretchable electrodes via 4D printing of conductive composite from reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotube, and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate. The electrode patterns of an arbitrary shape can be deposited onto prestretched substrates by aerosol‐jet printing, then self‐organized origami (ridge) patterns are generated after releasing the substrates from holding stretchers due to the mismatched strains. The stretchable electrodes demonstrate superior mechanical robustness and stretchability without sacrificing its outstanding electrochemical performance. The symmetric SC prototype possesses a gravimetric capacitance of ≈21.7 F g−1at a current density of 0.5 A g−1and a capacitance retention of ≈85.8% from 0.5 to 5 A g−1. A SC array with arbitrary‐shaped electrodes is also fabricated and connected in series to power light‐emitting diode patterns for large‐scale applications. The proposed method paves avenues for scalable manufacturing of future energy‐storage devices with controlled extensibility and high electrochemical performance.
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Transforming scalable synthesis of graphene aerosol gel material toward highly flexible and wide-temperature tolerant printed micro-supercapacitors
The ever-growing demand for portable, bendable, twistable, and wearable microelectronics operating in a wide temperature range has stimulated an immense interest in the development of solid-state flexible energy storage devices using scalable fabrication technology. Herein, we developed additively manufactured graphene aerosol gel-based all-solid-state micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) via inkjet printing with functioning temperature in the range from −15 to +70 °C and exhibiting a super-stable and reliable electrochemical performance using interdigitated finger electrodes and PVA/H3PO4 solid-state electrolyte. The graphene aerosol gel was obtained using a scalable single step synthesis method from a gas phase precursor using a detonation process, producing a nanoscale shell type structure. The fabricated graphene aerosol gel-based solid-state MSC achieved a volumetric capacitance of 376.63 mF cm−3 (areal capacitance of 76.23 μF cm−2) at a constant current of 0.25 μA and demonstrated exceptional cyclic stability (∼99.6% of capacitance retention) over 10 000 cycles. To exploit the mechanical strength of the as-fabricated graphene aerosol gel-based solid-state MSC, its supercapacitive performance was scrutinized under various bending and twisting angles and the results showed excellent mechanical flexibility. Furthermore, to study the electrochemical performance of the as-fabricated graphene aerosol gel solid-state MSC in stringent surroundings, a broad temperature dependent supercapacitive analysis was performed as stated above. The electrochemical results of the as-fabricated graphene aerosol gel based all-solid-state MSC exhibit a highly potential route to develop scalable and authentic future miniaturized energy storage devices for IoT based smart electronic appliances.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1935676
- PAR ID:
- 10583939
- Publisher / Repository:
- American Institute of Physics
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- APL Energy
- Volume:
- 2
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 2770-9000
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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