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Nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling (XEC) reactions of (hetero)aryl electrophiles represent appealing alternatives to palladium-catalyzed methods for biaryl synthesis, but they often generate significant quantities of homocoupling and/or proto-dehalogenation side products. In this study, an informer library of heteroaryl chloride and aryl bromide coupling partners is used to identify Ni-catalyzed XEC conditions that access high selectivity for the cross-product when using equimolar quantities of the two substrates. Two different catalyst systems are identified that show complementary scope and broad functional-group tolerance, and time-course data suggest the two methods follow different mechanisms. A NiBr2/terpyridine catalyst system with Zn as the reductant converts the aryl bromide into an aryl-zinc intermediate that undergoes in situ coupling with 2-chloropyridines, while a NiBr2/bipyridine catalyst system with tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene as the reductant uses FeBr2 and NaI as additives to achieve selective cross-coupling.
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This content will become publicly available on June 10, 2026
Reductively Induced Aryl Transmetalation: An Alternative Catalytically Relevant Ni-Catalyzed Biaryl Coupling Mechanism
Ni-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling (XEC) reactions have gained prominence for the construction of C–C bonds. Prior studies of XEC routes to biaryls have invoked several different mechanisms for the formation of key Ni(Ar)2 intermediates. Here, we provide evidence for a previously unrecognized pathway involving reductively induced transmetalation between NiI(Ar) and NiII(Ar)X species. Chemical and electrochemical reduction of (tBubpy)NiII(2-tolyl)Br (tBubpy = 4,4’-di-tert-butyl-2,2’-bipyridine) to (tBubpy)NiI(2-tolyl) is shown to initiate rapid transmetalation of the 2-tolyl ligand to a second equivalent of (tBubpy)NiII(2-tolyl)Br, affording (tBubpy)NiII(2-tolyl)2 and (tBubpy)NiIBr as well defined products. Experimental and computational data show that the NiI-to-NiII transmetalation mechanism is much more favorable than NiII-to-NiII transmetalation. Oxidation of (tBubpy)NiII(2-tolyl)Br results in rapid reductive elimination of 2-tolyl–Br, rather than promoting the analogous oxidatively induced NiII/NiIII transmetalation. The NiII(2-tolyl)2 product of NiI-to-NiII transmetalation is stable at room temperature, while sterically less encumbered NiII(Ar)2 species undergo rapid reductive elimination to afford biaryl and a Ni0 byproduct. The latter species can serve as a source of electrons to promote further transmetalation and biaryl formation. The unhindered complex (tBubpy)NiII(4-CF3-phenyl)Br undergoes biaryl formation in the absence of added reductant; however, kinetic analysis reveals an induction period and autocatalytic time course. Addition of catalytic quantities of a cobaltocene-based reductant eliminates the induction period and accelerates biaryl formation, consistent with the NiI-to-NiII transmetalation pathway. The results of this study provide a new rationale for previously reported results in the literature and introduce an alternative pathway to consider in the development of Ni-catalyzed biaryl coupling reactions.
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- PAR ID:
- 10600336
- Publisher / Repository:
- American Chemical Society
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of the American Chemical Society
- ISSN:
- 0002-7863
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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