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Abstract The variability of Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) on interannual and multidecadal time scales is examined in 29 models with historical forcing participating in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) and in twentieth-century sea ice reconstructions. Results show that during the historical period with low external forcing (1850–1919), CMIP6 models display relatively good agreement in their representation of interannual sea ice variability (IVSIE) but exhibit pronounced intermodel spread in multidecadal sea ice variability (MVSIE), which is overestimated with respect to sea ice reconstructions and is dominated by model uncertainty in sea ice simulation in the subpolar North Atlantic. We find that this is associated with differences in models’ sensitivity to Northern Hemispheric sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Additionally, we show that while CMIP6 models are generally capable of simulating multidecadal changes in Arctic sea ice from the mid-twentieth century to present day, they tend to underestimate the observed sea ice decline during the early twentieth-century warming (ETCW; 1915–45). These results suggest the need for an improved characterization of the sea ice response to multidecadal climate variability in order to address the sources of model bias and reduce the uncertainty in future projections arising from intermodel spread. Significance StatementThe credibility of Arctic sea ice predictions depends on whether climate models are capable of reproducing changes in the past climate, including patterns of sea ice variability which can mask or amplify the response to global warming. This study aims to better understand how latest-generation global climate models simulate interannual and multidecadal variability of Arctic sea ice relative to available observations. We find that models differ in their representation of multidecadal sea ice variability, which is overall larger than in observations. Additionally, models underestimate the sea ice decline during the period of observed warming between 1915 and 1945. Our results suggest that, to achieve better predictions of Arctic sea ice, the realism of low-frequency sea ice variability in models should be improved.
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Unraveling the Arctic Sea Ice Change since the Middle of the Twentieth Century
Changes in Arctic sea ice since the middle of the last century are explored in this study. Both observations and climate model simulations show an overall sea ice expansion during 1953–1970 but a general sea ice decline afterward. Anthropogenic aerosols, nature forcing and atmospheric ozone changes are found to contribute to the sea ice expansion in the early period. Their effects are strong generally in late boreal summer. On the other hand, greenhouse gas warming has a dominant effect on diminishing Arctic sea ice cover during 1971–2005, especially in September. Internal climate variability also plays a role in the Arctic sea ice change during 1953–1970. However, it cannot solely explain the Arctic sea ice decline since the 1970s.
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- PAR ID:
- 10643615
- Publisher / Repository:
- MDPI
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Geosciences
- Volume:
- 13
- Issue:
- 2
- ISSN:
- 2076-3263
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 58
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13020058
