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The purpose of this note is to present an enhancement to a Maxey–Riley theory proposed in recent years for the dynamics of inertial particles on the ocean surface [Beron-Vera et al., “Building a Maxey–Riley framework for surface ocean inertial particle dynamics,” Phys. Fluids 31, 096602 (2019)]. This updated model removes constraints on the reserve buoyancy, defined as the fraction of the particle volume above the ocean surface. The refinement results in an equation that correctly describes both the neutrally buoyant and fully buoyant particle scenarios.
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This content will become publicly available on July 1, 2026
Dynamics of Inertial Particles in Flows with Stochasticity
Abstract Because of their buoyancy, rigidity, and finite size, inertial particles do not obey the same dynamics as fluid parcels. The motion of small spherical particles in a fluid flow is described by the Maxey–Riley equations and depends nonlinearly on the velocity of the fluid in which the particles are immersed. Fluid velocities in the ocean often have a strong small-scale turbulent component which is difficult to observe or model, presenting a challenge to predicting the evolution of distributions of inertial particles in the ocean. To overcome this challenge, we assume that the turbulent velocity imposes a random force on particles and consider a stochastic analog of the Maxey–Riley equations. By performing a perturbation analysis of the stochastic Maxey–Riley equations, we obtain a simple and accurate partial differential equation for the spatial distribution of particles. The equation is of the advection–diffusion type and handles the uncertainty introduced by unresolved turbulent flow features. In several numerical test cases, distributions of particles obtained by solving the newly derived equation compare favorably with distributions obtained from Monte Carlo simulations of individual particle trajectories and with theoretical predictions. The advection–diffusion form of our newly derived equation is amenable to inclusion within many existing ocean circulation models. Significance StatementWe introduce a new model for describing spatial distributions of small rigid objects, such as plastic debris, in the ocean. The model takes into account the effects of finite particle size and particle buoyancy, which cause particle trajectories to differ from fluid parcel trajectories. Our model also represents small-scale turbulence stochastically.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2124210
- PAR ID:
- 10648156
- Publisher / Repository:
- American Meteorological Society
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Physical Oceanography
- Volume:
- 55
- Issue:
- 7
- ISSN:
- 0022-3670
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 831 to 846
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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