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This dataset includes surface underway chemical, meteorological and physical data collected from Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) Saildrone 1038 (EXPOCODE 316420220616) in the Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean from 2022-06-16 to 2022-07-26. These data include xCO2 SW (wet) - mole fraction of CO2 in air in equilibrium with the seawater at sea surface temperature and measured humidity; H2O SW - Mole fraction of H2O in air from equilibrator; xCO2 Air (wet) - Mole fraction of CO2 in air from airblock, 0.67m (26") above the sea surface at measured humidity; H2O Air - Mole fraction of H2O in air from airblock, 0.67m (26") above the sea surface; Atmospheric pressure at the airblock, 0.67m (26") above the sea surface; Atmospheric pressure at the airblock, 0.67m (26") above the sea surface; Temperature of the Infrared Licor 820 in degrees Celsius; MAPCO2 %O2 - The percent oxygen of the surface seawater divided by the percent oxygen of the atmosphere at 0.67m (26") above the sea surface; Sea Surface Temperature; Sea Surface Salinity; xCO2 SW (dry) - Mole fraction of CO2 in air in equilibrium with the seawater at sea surface temperature (dry air); xCO2 Air (dry) - Mole fraction of CO2 in air at the airblock, 0.67m (26") above the sea surface (dry air); fCO2 SW (sat) - Fugacity of CO2 in air in equilibrium with the seawater at sea surface temperature (100% humidity); fCO2 Air (sat) - Fugacity of CO2 in air at the airblock, 0.67m (26") above the sea surface (100% humidity); dfCO2 - Difference of the fugacity of the CO2 in seawater and the fugacity of the CO2 in air (fCO2 SW - fCO2 Air); pCO2 SW (wet) - Partial Pressure of CO2 in air in equilibrium with the seawater at sea surface temperature (100% humidity); pCO2 Air (wet) - Partial Pressure of CO2 in air at the airblock, 0.67m (26") above the sea surface (100% humidity); dpCO2 - Difference of the partial pressure of CO2 in seawater and air (pCO2 SW - pCO2 Air; pH of Seawater (total scale). The Autonomous Surface Vehicle CO2 (ASVCO2) instruments used to collect these data include Bubble type equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement, Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer, Humidity Sensor, and oxygen meter. 

This dataset includes surface underway chemical, meteorological and physical data collected from Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) Saildrone 1039 (EXPOCODE 316420220901) in the Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean from 2022-09-01 to 2023-04-27. These data include xCO2 SW (wet) - mole fraction of CO2 in air in equilibrium with the seawater at sea surface temperature and measured humidity; H2O SW - Mole fraction of H2O in air from equilibrator; xCO2 Air (wet) - Mole fraction of CO2 in air from airblock, 0.67m (26") above the sea surface at measured humidity; H2O Air - Mole fraction of H2O in air from airblock, 0.67m (26") above the sea surface; Atmospheric pressure at the airblock, 0.67m (26") above the sea surface; Atmospheric pressure at the airblock, 0.67m (26") above the sea surface; Temperature of the Infrared Licor 820 in degrees Celsius; MAPCO2 %O2 - The percent oxygen of the surface seawater divided by the percent oxygen of the atmosphere at 0.67m (26") above the sea surface; Sea Surface Temperature; Sea Surface Salinity; xCO2 SW (dry) - Mole fraction of CO2 in air in equilibrium with the seawater at sea surface temperature (dry air); xCO2 Air (dry) - Mole fraction of CO2 in air at the airblock, 0.67m (26") above the sea surface (dry air); fCO2 SW (sat) - Fugacity of CO2 in air in equilibrium with the seawater at sea surface temperature (100% humidity); fCO2 Air (sat) - Fugacity of CO2 in air at the airblock, 0.67m (26") above the sea surface (100% humidity); dfCO2 - Difference of the fugacity of the CO2 in seawater and the fugacity of the CO2 in air (fCO2 SW - fCO2 Air); pCO2 SW (wet) - Partial Pressure of CO2 in air in equilibrium with the seawater at sea surface temperature (100% humidity); pCO2 Air (wet) - Partial Pressure of CO2 in air at the airblock, 0.67m (26") above the sea surface (100% humidity); dpCO2 - Difference of the partial pressure of CO2 in seawater and air (pCO2 SW - pCO2 Air; pH of Seawater (total scale). The Autonomous Surface Vehicle CO2 (ASVCO2) instruments used to collect these data include Bubble type equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement, Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer, Humidity Sensor, and oxygen meter. 

Abstract In the past decade, two large marine heatwaves (MHWs) formed in the northeast Pacific near Ocean Station Papa (OSP), one of the oldest oceanic time series stations. Physical, biogeochemical, and biological parameters observed at OSP from 2013 to 2020 are used to assess ocean response and potential impacts on marine life from the 2019 northeast Pacific MHW. The 2019 MHW reached peak surface and subsurface temperature anomalies in the summertime and had both coastal, impacting fisheries, and offshore consequences that could potentially affect multiple trophic levels in the Gulf of Alaska. In the Gulf of Alaska, the 2019 MHW was preceded by calm and stratified upper ocean conditions, which preconditioned the enhanced surface warming in late spring and early summer. The MHW coincided with lower dissolved inorganic carbon and higher pH of surface waters relative to the 2013–2020 period. A spike in the summertime chlorophyll followed by a decrease in surface macronutrients suggests increased productivity in the well‐lit stratified upper ocean during summer 2019. More blue whale calls were recorded at OSP in 2019 compared to the prior year. This study shows how the utility of long‐term, continuous oceanographic data sets and analysis with an interdisciplinary lens is necessary to understand the potential impact of MHWs on marine ecosystems. 

Global climate is regulated by the ocean, which stores, releases, and transports large amounts of mass, heat, carbon, and oxygen. Understanding, monitoring, and predicting the exchanges of these quantities across the ocean’s surface, their interactions with the atmosphere, and their horizontal and vertical pathways through the global oceans, are key for advancing fundamental knowledge and improving forecasts and longer-term projections of climate, weather, and ocean ecosystems. The existing global observing system provides immense value for science and society in this regard by supplying the data essential for these advancements. The tropical ocean observing system in particular has been developed over decades, motivated in large part by the far-reaching and complex global impacts of tropical climate variability and change. However, changes in observing needs and priorities, new challenges associated with climate change, and advances in observing technologies demand periodic evaluations to ensure that stakeholders’ needs are met. Previous reviews and assessments of the tropical observing system have focused separately on individual basins and their associated observing needs. Here we provide a broader perspective covering the tropical observing system as a whole. Common gaps, needs, and recommendations are identified, and interbasin differences driven by socioeconomic disparities are discussed, building on the concept of an integrated pantropical observing system. Finally, recommendations for improved observations of tropical basin interactions, through oceanic and atmospheric pathways, are presented, emphasizing the benefits that can be achieved through closer interbasin coordination and international partnerships. 

Observing air-sea interactions on a global scale is essential for improving Earth system forecasts. Yet these exchanges are challenging to quantify for a range of reasons, including extreme conditions, vast and remote under-sampled locations, requirements for a multitude of co-located variables, and the high variability of fluxes in space and time. Uncrewed Surface Vehicles (USVs) present a novel solution for measuring these crucial air-sea interactions at a global scale. Powered by renewable energy (e.g., wind and waves for propulsion, solar power for electronics), USVs have provided navigable and persistent observing capabilities over the past decade and a half. In our review of 200 USV datasets and 96 studies, we found USVs have observed a total of 33 variables spanning physical, biogeochemical, biological and ecological processes at the air-sea transition zone. We present a map showing the global proliferation of USV adoption for scientific ocean observing. This review, carried out under the auspices of the ‘Observing Air-Sea Interactions Strategy’ (OASIS), makes the case for a permanent USV network to complement the mature and emerging networks within the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). The Observations Coordination Group (OCG) overseeing GOOS has identified ten attributes of anin-situglobal network. Here, we discuss and evaluate the maturation of the USV network towards meeting these attributes. Our article forms the basis of a roadmap to formalise and guide the global USV community towards a novel and integrated ocean observing frontier. 

The NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Ocean Climate Stations (OCS) project provides in situ measurements for quantifying air-sea interactions that couple the ocean and atmosphere. The project maintains two OceanSITES surface moorings in the North Pacific, one at the Kuroshio Extension Observatory in the Northwest Pacific subtropical recirculation gyre and the other at Station Papa in the Northeast Pacific subpolar gyre. OCS mooring time series are used as in situ references for assessing satellite and numerical weather prediction models. A spinoff of the PMEL Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) project, OCS moorings have acted as “research aggregating devices.” Working with and attracting wide-ranging partners, OCS scientists have collected process-oriented observations of variability on diurnal, synoptic, seasonal, and interannual timescales associated with anthropogenic climate change. Since 2016, they have worked to expand, test, and verify the observing capabilities of uncrewed surface vehicles and to develop observing strategies for integrating these unique, wind-powered observing platforms within the tropical Pacific and global ocean observing system. PMEL OCS has been at the center of the UN Decade of Ocean Sciences for Sustainable Development (2021–2030) effort to develop an Observing Air-Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS) that links an expanded network of in situ air-sea interaction observations to optimized satellite observations, improved ocean and atmospheric coupling in Earth system models, and ultimately improved ocean information across an array of essential climate variables for decision-makers. This retrospective highlights not only achievements of the PMEL OCS project but also some of its challenges. 

Abstract. As the largest active carbon reservoir on Earth, the ocean is a cornerstone of the global carbon cycle, playing a pivotal role in modulating ocean health and regulating climate. Understanding these crucial roles requires access to a broad array of data products documenting the changing chemistry of the global ocean as a vast and interconnected system. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of 60 existing ocean carbonate chemistry data products, encompassing compilations of cruise datasets, derived gap-filled data products, model simulations, and compilations thereof. It is intended to help researchers identify and access data products that best align with their research objectives, thereby advancing our understanding of the ocean's evolving carbonate chemistry. 

Abstract In 2021, the Ocean Thematic Centre of the European Research Infrastructure “Integrated Carbon Observation System” conducted an international partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO₂) instrument intercomparison. The goal was to understand how different types of instrumentation for the measurement of oceanpCO₂compare to each other. During the two‐week long experiment, we installed various instruments in a tank facility using natural sea water (North Sea). These included direct air–water equilibration systems and membrane‐based flow‐through instruments along with submersible sensors and instruments that are normally installed on buoys and autonomous surface vehicles. In situ instruments were installed inside the tank and the flow‐through instruments were fed the same water using a pumping system. We changed the temperature (between 10°C and 28°C) and the seawaterpCO₂(between 250 and 800μatm) to observe instrument responses over a wide range. Since there is no reference for surface oceanpCO₂measurements, we agreed on a set of instruments serving as intercomparison reference. All data from the different instruments were then compared against the intercomparison reference during periods of stable temperature andpCO₂. The study provides important information to enhance future ocean carbon monitoring networks, but makes no direct recommendation for the use of any specific sensor. A major finding is that equilibration through direct air–water contact appears to be more consistent and independent of external factors than equilibration through a membrane or photometric detection. We found several instruments with no temperature measurements at the location of equilibration or with uncalibrated temperature sensors introducing significant uncertainty in the results. 

Abstract A budget approach is used to disentangle drivers of the seasonal mixed layer carbon cycle at Station ALOHA (A Long‐term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment) in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). The budget utilizes data from the WHOTS (Woods Hole—Hawaii Ocean Time‐series Site) mooring, and the ship‐based Hawai'i Ocean Time‐series (HOT) in the NPSG, a region of significant oceanic carbon uptake. Parsing the carbon variations into process components allows an assessment of both the proportional contributions of mixed layer carbon drivers and the seasonal interplay of drawdown and supply from different processes. Annual net community production reported here is at the lower end of previously published data, while net community calcification estimates are 4‐ to 7‐fold higher than available sediment trap data, the only other estimate of calcium carbonate export at this location. Although the observed seasonal cycle in dissolved inorganic carbon in the NPSG has a relatively small amplitude, larger fluxes offset each other over an average year. Major supply comes from physical transport, especially lateral eddy transport throughout the year and entrainment in the winter, offset by biological carbon uptake in the spring. Gas exchange plays a smaller role, supplying carbon to the surface ocean between Dec‐May and outgassing in Jul‐Oct. Evaporation‐precipitation (E‐P) is variable with precipitation prevailing in the first half and evaporation in the second half of the year. The observed total alkalinity signal is largely governed by E‐P with a somewhat stronger net calcification signal in the wintertime.