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  1. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) uses wireless sensor network (WSN) to monitor a civil construction’s conditions remotely and constantly for its sustainable usage. Security in WSN for SHM is essential to safeguard critical transportation infrastructure such as bridges. While WSN offers cost-effective solutions for Bridge SHM, its wireless nature expands attack surfaces, making security a significant concern. Despite progress in addressing security issues in WSN for Bridge SHM, challenges persist in device authentication due to the unique placement of sensor nodes and their resource constraints, particularly in energy conservation requirements to extend the system’s lifetime. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes an innovative authentication scheme with deep learning at the physical layer. Our approach steers away from conventional device authentication methods: no challenge-response protocol with heavy communication overhead and no cryptography of intensive computation. Instead, we use radio frequency (RF) fingerprinting to authenticate sensor nodes. Deep learning is chosen for its ability to discover patterns in large datasets without manual feature engineering. We model our scheme on IEEE 802.11ah, Wi-Fi HaLow of long-range communication and low-power consumption for machine-to-machine (M2M) applications. Simulations and experiments using universal software radio peripheral (USRP) demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. By integrating security into Cyber-Physical System/the Internet-of-Things (CPS/IoT) design of WSN for Bridge SHM, our work contributes to critical infrastructure protection. 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available May 27, 2025
  2. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) becomes the dominate last-mile connection to cyber-physical systems and Internet-of-Things. However, WSN opens new attack surfaces such as black holes, where sensing information gets lost during relay towards base stations. Current defense mechanisms against black hole attacks require substantial energy consumption, reducing the system's lifetime. This paper proposes a novel approach to detect and recover from black hole attacks using an improved version of Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. LEACH is an energy-efficient routing protocol for groups of battery-operated sensor nodes in hierarchy. A round of selection for cluster heads is scheduled in a set time. We propose to improve LEACH with Anomaly Report Cycling (ARC-LEACH), tradeoff between security strength and energy cost. ARC-LEACH absorbs an attack when it occurs by rotating cluster heads to reestablish communication and then sending a message from the base station to coordinate all nodes against the malicious nodes. ARC-LEACH actively blocks malicious nodes while leveraging the resilience of LEACH for stronger resistance to blackhole attacks. ARC-LEACH can provide more defense capability when under attack from multiple malicious nodes that would otherwise be defenseless by LEACH, with only minor increase in energy consumption. 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available May 27, 2025
  3. The Internet of Things (IoT) has significantly advanced the application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), particularly for civil engineering infrastructure. While unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are commonly employed for data collection, this paper proposes a novel approach using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for synchronization and data gathering in SHM systems. Unlike traditional methods that may suffer from compromised network security and increased energy demands, the BLE-based system ensures that individual sensor nodes operate autonomously, providing inherent security benefits and improved battery longevity. Each sensor node acts independently, minimizing the risk to the overall network if a single node is compromised. We present a synchronization scheme that leverages BLE's low-power consumption to enhance the SHM of bridges, supported by a prototype developed using a PASCO bridge kit with wireless load cells and accelerometers. The proposed BLE protocol, to the best of the authors' knowledge, represents an unexplored avenue in SHM, promising increased safety and efficiency in sensor networks. 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available May 27, 2025
  4. Co-creation in academe can take multiple forms. In this research, the co-creation focus is on collaboration between faculty and graduate students to develop educational modules. This activity is designed to improve graduate education and prepare students for conducting graduate research. In previous work presented at ASEE 2022, we discussed benefits and challenges of participating in the co-creation process. This current paper focuses on how we took lessons from our first year and transformed them into a structure to better support interdisciplinary research, collaboration, and community building. We will discuss how we supported the process of co-creation by developing a series of workshops to scaffold student learning. Scaffolds are instructional methods and interventions that are designed to foster skill development by allowing for interactions between what students already know and what they have yet to learn. These workshops were designed using the tenets of the gold standard project-based learning (PjBL). The PjBL framework is itself a scaffold that is designed to build research competencies. Specifically, to introduce a challenging problem or question, we created multiple technical overviews of the cyber-physical system theme of interest that would constitute the eventual educational modules. We scaffolded sustained inquiry by developing a workshop using techniques from the Right Question Institute, and also through a workshop about crafting your message for different audiences. To support the PjBL idea of authenticity, we developed a workshop about core values to help students connect personally to their project topics. To further support collaboration and community building, we developed a workshop to introduce ideas of interdisciplinary collaboration, including developing community agreements and recognizing and responding to microaggressions. Periodic reinforcements of these topics were incorporated as students progressed in their co-creation project. We assessed how students applied these topics through student reflections. Scaffolding students’ learning helped to address co-creation challenges that were expressed by our pilot group, including not understanding the goals of the project and not feeling connected to the research. Observational data of the current groups suggests that students have better understanding of the co-creation process and are collaborating more effectively than our pilot group students, and focus group data confirmed these observations. We also collected feedback from students about the workshops to evaluate what is effective about them and what can be improved. Students felt skills taught in the workshops such as how to prioritize research questions, construct messages for specific audiences, and perform literature searches and reviews, were all effective and useful as they worked on their projects. For improvement, they suggested clearer objectives and more workshops that focus on technical aspects of the project work would be helpful. 
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  5. The vestibular system (VS) allows humans to have a sense of balance and orientation. Within the VS, fluid displacement occurs within the ear canal, triggering nerve signals to be translated by the nervous system, allowing for the interpretation of the head's orientation. When there is a disturbance to this system, vestibular dysfunction occurs potentially causing vertigo and a loss of balance. It is estimated that 35 percent of adults 40 years or older in the United States have experienced vestibular dysfunction. The vestibular balance system poses a robust, unique topic for developing interdisciplinary education curricula as its function encapsulates many fundamental mechanical, chemical, biological, and physical phenomena that can be studied with engineering concepts and principles. In this work, we present a survey of models of the vestibular sensory system. Following which, selected models are presented in an experiential learning format for students to better understand the relationship and sensitivity of model parameters and external stimuli to physiological system behavior. By conducting simulations of these models, students can visualize outcomes, pose questions, and potentially identify areas of research interest. This paper is the outcome of an Innovations in Graduate Education project supported by the National Science Foundation. The authors are graduate students from three engineering majors from the University of Massachusetts Lowell and the University of the District of Columbia co-creating an educational module with faculty and experts on human balance. The developed module related to analyzing the vestibular balance system mechanics will be integrated into undergraduate courses across engineering departments in partnering institutions. 
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  6. Balance problems affect more than eight million adults, and the percentage of balance problems increases with age. Globally, the population is aging, making balance problems a relevant topic of investigation. Balance impairments are the primary cause of falls, which result in debilitating injuries, especially for the elderly population. There is a significant opportunity for students in engineering and other disciplines to explore and contribute to research and education in this area. In this work, a group of graduate students from electrical, industrial, and mechanical engineering present research that will be mapped into an educational module on this topic. This module is co-created with faculty and domain experts. Sensors of various types are being investigated for monitoring gait and identifying the propensity for losing balance. A survey of the state of the art of sensor technology pertaining to balance is conducted. Models of human balance during quiet standing are investigated. An interactive simulation tool is developed to allow students to vary the model parameters and gain an intuitive understanding of the engineering principles involved. For engineering students, this offers many opportunities to better understand how topics they study in engineering courses relate to a significant societal problem. For students in courses such as statics, dynamics, and control systems, the concepts of change in the center of mass, the center of pressure, the inverted pendulum, and stability can be reinforced in relation to the balance dynamics problem. This paper describes the framework that will be used in an educational module that will improve undergraduate engineering concepts through balance dynamics experiments and simulations, and present interdisciplinary research problems to graduate students. This study contributes to an Innovations in Graduate Education National Science Foundation research project. 
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  7. Recent advances in Augmented Reality (AR) devices and their maturity as a technology offers new modalities for interaction between learners and their learning environments. Such capabilities are particularly important for learning that involves hands-on activities where there is a compelling need to: (a) make connections between knowledge-elements that have been taught at different times, (b) apply principles and theoretical knowledge in a concrete experimental setting, (c) understand the limitations of what can be studied via models and via experiments, (d) cope with increasing shortages in teaching-support staff and instructional material at the intersection of disciplines, and (e) improve student engagement in their learning. AR devices that are integrated into training and education systems can be effectively used to deliver just-in-time informatics to augment physical workspaces and learning environments with virtual artifacts. We present a system that demonstrates a solution to a critical registration problem and enables a multi-disciplinary team to develop the pedagogical content without the need for extensive coding. The most popular approach for developing AR applications is to develop a game using a standard game engine such as UNITY or UNREAL. These engines offer a powerful environment for developing a large variety of games and an exhaustive library of digital assets. In contrast, the framework we offer supports a limited range of human environment interactions that are suitable and effective for training and education. Our system offers four important capabilities – annotation, navigation, guidance, and operator safety. These capabilities are presented and described in detail. The above framework motivates a change of focus – from game development to AR content development. While game development is an intensive activity that involves extensive programming, AR content development is a multi-disciplinary activity that requires contributions from a large team of graphics designers, content creators, domain experts, pedagogy experts, and learning evaluators. We have demonstrated that such a multi-disciplinary team of experts working with our framework can use popular content creation tools to design and develop the virtual artifacts required for the AR system. These artifacts can be archived in a standard relational database and hosted on robust cloud-based backend systems for scale up. The AR content creators can own their content and Non-fungible Tokens to sequence the presentations either to improve pedagogical novelty or to personalize the learning. 
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  8. It is important for future engineers to understand themselves in relation to the many cultural influences they may encounter during their career, and to confront their own biases when interacting with colleagues whose cultural backgrounds are different from their own. This paper describes and evaluates a series of nine diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) workshops developed and implemented during the summer of 2022 for high school and entering first-year college students enrolled in the Research, Academics, and Mentoring Pathways (RAMP) six week engineering summer bridge program at University of Massachusetts Lowell. The workshops incorporated activities designed to create an environment fostering respect, belonging, and acceptance to make teamwork more inclusive and effective. Each workshop was based on collaborative learning and used a broad range of strategies to engage students as active participants in learning about diversity, equity, and inclusion within the context of teamwork. To develop the workshops, the facilitators aligned the activities with key themes from chapters in the book From Athletics to Engineering: 8 Ways to Support Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion for All [1]. The summer bridge program was evaluated using quantitative and qualitative data collected throughout the program and upon its conclusion tracking students’ reactions and levels of engagement in each of the program components. This included a pre-survey, mid-semester survey, post-survey, and weekly journal prompts on Google Classroom. We also used the Universality-Diversity scale [2] to measure any pre-post changes in students’ attitudes towards diversity. With regard to the workshops, an analysis of student responses indicated a high level of satisfaction and sense of accomplishment. Students reported they enjoyed getting to know each other better and that the DEI activities were interactive, educational, and engaging. 
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  9. The recent report by American Society of Civil Engineers gave the nation's bridges an unimpressive C grade. Across the country, more than 617,000 highway bridges: 46,154 structurally deficient and 42% 50+ years old. Continuous bridge assessment is essential to protect public safety. Federal Highway Administration requires all highway bridges inspected once every 24 months. However, any drastic change on bridges within 24 months will be left undetected. Nonetheless, bridge inspection is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Civil engineers have been using bridge health monitoring (BHM) systems with wired and/or wireless sensors to measure structural response (e.g., displacement, strain, acceleration) of a bridge. The response measurements are then converted to the information related to structural health for assessment. State-of-the-art BHM technology deploys sensor networks to facilitate data connection. Installing cables is expensive and subject to extreme weather. Wireless solutions face challenges such as energy consumption. Sensors are battery-powered. Another not well-publicized problem is security threats inherited in wireless networks. Our approach to wireless BHM is to utilize sensors networkless by collecting data with a drone. Similar to a mail carrier who goes around and picks up the mail, a drone collects data from sensors throughout the bridge. A drone eliminates restrictions for civil engineers on node placement since the drone replaces sink nodes. Networkless makes BHM less prone to attacks such as Jamming and DoS. To secure access, we deploy a Needham-Schroeder authentication protocol for the drone to collect data from sensor nodes securely. Networkless sensing for BHM benefits energy efficiency. It saves battery life as the sensor nodes remain asleep until scheduled transmission or woken up by a drone. It reduces design complexity and operation energy. The system also assures security since there is no vulnerable network to be attacked. 
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  10. Co-creation in higher education is the process where students collaborate with instructors in designing the curriculum and associated educational material. This can take place in different scenarios, such as integrating co-creation into an ongoing course, modifying a previously taken course, or while creating a new course. In this Work-In-Progress, we investigate training and formative assessment models for preparing graduate students in engineering to participate as co-creators of educational material on an interdisciplinary topic. The topic of cyber-physical systems engineering and product lifecycle management with application to structural health monitoring is considered in this co-creation project. This entails not only topics from different disciplines of civil, computer, electrical and environmental engineering, business, and information sciences, but also humanistic issues of sustainability, environment, ethical and legal concerns in data-driven decision-making that support the control of cyber-physical systems. Aside from the objective of creating modules accessible to students with different levels of disciplinary knowledge, the goal of this research is to investigate if the co-creation process and the resulting modules also promote interest and engagement in interdisciplinary research. A literature survey of effective training approaches for co-creation and associated educational theories is summarized. For students, essential training components include providing (i) opportunities to align their interests, knowledge, skills, and values with the topic presented; (ii) experiential learning on the topic to help develop and enhance critical thinking and question posing skills, and (iii) safe spaces to reflect, voice their opinions, concerns, and suggestions. In this research we investigate the adaption of project-based learning (PjBL) strategies and practices to support (i) and (ii) and focus groups for participatory action research (PAR) as safe spaces for reflection, feedback, and action in item (iii). The co-creation process is assessed through qualitative analysis of data collected through the PjBL activities and PAR focus groups and other qualitative data (i.e., focus group transcripts, interview transcripts, project materials, fieldnotes, etc.). The eventual outcome of the co-creation process will be an on-line course module that is designed to be integrated in existing engineering graduate and undergraduate courses at four different institutions, which includes two state universities and two that are historically black colleges and universities. 
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