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1. Parameter Identification of Wind-induced Buffeting Loads and Onset Criteria for Dry-cable Galloping of Yawed/inclined Cables

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.11.049  

   Jafari, M. ; Sarkar, P.P. ( January 2019 , Engineering structures)

   null (Ed.)

   Cables of suspension, cable-stayed and tied-arch bridges, suspended roofs, and power transmission lines are prone to moderate to large-amplitude vibrations in wind because of their low inherent damping. Structural or fatigue failure of a cable, due to these vibrations, pose a significant threat to the safety and serviceability of these structures. Over the past few decades, many studies have investigated the mechanisms that cause different types of flow-induced vibrations in cables such as rain-wind induced vibration (RWIV), vortex-induced vibration (VIV), iced cable galloping, wake galloping, and dry-cable galloping that have resulted in an improved understanding of the cause of these vibrations. In this study, the parameters governing the turbulence-induced (buffeting) and motion-induced wind loads (self-excited) for inclined and yawed dry cables have been identified. These parameters facilitate the prediction of their response in turbulent wind and estimate the incipient condition for onset of dry-cable galloping. Wind tunnel experiments were performed to measure the parameters governing the aerodynamic and aeroelastic forces on a yawed dry cable. This study mainly focuses on the prediction of critical reduced velocity 〖(RV〗_cr) as a function of equivalent yaw angle (*) and Scruton number (Sc) through measurement of aerodynamic- damping and stiffness. Wind tunnel tests using a section model of a smooth cable were performed under uniform and smooth/gusty flow conditions in the AABL Wind and Gust Tunnel located at Iowa State University. Static model tests for equivalent yaw angles of 0º to 45º indicate that the mean drag coefficient 〖(C〗_D) and Strouhal number (St) of a yawed cable decreases with the yaw angle, while the mean lift coefficient 〖(C〗_L) remains zero in the subcritical Reynolds number (Re) regime. Dynamic one degree-of-freedom model tests in across-wind and along-wind directions resulted in the identification of buffeting indicial derivative functions and flutter derivatives of a yawed cable for a range of equivalent yaw angles. Empirical equations for mean drag coefficient, Strouhal number, buffeting indicial derivative functions and critical reduced velocity for dry-cable galloping are proposed for yawed cables. The results indicate a critical equivalent yaw angle of 45° for dry-cable galloping. A simplified design procedure is introduced to estimate the minimum damping required to arrest dry-cable galloping from occurring below the design wind speed of the cable structure. Furthermore, the results from this study can be applied to predict the wind load and response of a dry cable at a specified wind speed for a given yaw angle. 

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2. Effects of Spanwise Spacing on the Interaction of Tandem Pitching Hydrofoils

   https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J063077  

   Lee, David S. ; Hrynuk, John T. ; Moored, Keith W. ( November 2023 , AIAA Journal)

   The interaction between a pair of tandem in-line oscillating hydrofoils is presented. The hydrofoils undergo sinusoidal pitching about their leading edges with a fixed Strouhal number of [Formula: see text] and a Reynolds number of 10,000. The streamwise spacing, spanwise spacing, and phase offset between the hydrofoils are varied. Force measurements are employed to investigate changes in thrust, lift, spanwise force, power consumption, and propulsive efficiency. A method to mitigate confounding factors from connecting rod drag is employed using streamlined fairings. Near and far streamwise spacing regions are identified with a transition occurring near 0.875 chord lengths downstream. Decreasing streamwise spacing in the far region causes a rise in the maximum power consumption of the follower hydrofoil. Decreasing streamwise spacing in the near region results in an opposite trend, with a sharp drop in maximum average power consumption by the follower. An empirical model for power consumption of the follower is developed. Increased spanwise spacing is found to weaken the interaction between the hydrofoils, driving them toward their isolated performance. This phenomenon is related to the spanwise contraction of the wake shed by the leader and is a function of the overlap of the wake region impacting the follower.

    

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3. Wind-induced Response Characteristics of a Yawed and Inclined Cable in ABL Wind

   https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110681  

   Jafari, M. ; Sarkar, P. P. ( January 2020 , Engineering structures)

   null (Ed.)

   Inclined cables used in bridges or other infrastructures are vulnerable to unsteady wind-induced loads producing moderate- to large-amplitude vibration that may result in damage or failure of the cables, resulting in catastrophic failure of the structure they secure. In the present study, wind-induced response of an inclined smooth cable was studied through wind tunnel measurements using a flexible cable model for a better understanding of the vibration characteristics of structural cables in atmospheric boundary layer wind. For this purpose, in-plane and out-of-plane responses of a sagged and a non-sagged flexible cable were recorded by four accelerometers. Four cases with different yaw and inclination angles of a cable with approximate sag ratios of 1/10 were studied to investigate the wind directionality effect on its excitation mode(s) and response amplitude. Cable tension was also measured during all experiments to assess the correlation of wind speed, excitation vibration mode, and natural frequency of the cable with change in cable tension. Additionally, two inclined cables with no sag were tested to determine the influence of sag of a cable on its vibration characteristics. In the second part of this study, a series of finite element analyses were conducted to predict the wind-induced aerodynamic damping of an inclined bridge cable. Experimental results showed that excitation mode(s) of a cable depend on wind speed, inclination angle, and sag ratio and cable tension. First, second, and third vibration modes were observed at a low wind speed for different test cases, whereas higher vibration modes were observed to contribute to the cable response at high wind speeds. Moreover, it was seen that the cable tension significantly increased with wind speed resulting in increased value of the excited natural frequency. Numerical results obtained through finite element analysis of an inclined full-scale cable showed that the criteria that are based on section models can underestimate the critical reduced velocity for dry cable galloping. 

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4. [Re] Three-dimensional wake topology and propulsive performance of low-aspect-ratio pitching-rolling plates

   https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5234931  

   Mesnard, Olivier ; Barba, Lorena A. ( August 2021 , The Rescience journal)

   HInsen, Konrad (Ed.)

   This article reports on a full replication study in computational fluid dynamics, using an immersed boundary method to obtain the flow around a pitching and rolling elliptical wing. As in the original study, the computational experiments investigate the wake topology and aerodynamic forces, looking at the effect of: Reynolds number (100--400), Strouhal number (0.4--1.2), aspect ratio, and rolling/pitching phase difference. We also include a grid-independence study (from 5 to 72 million grid cells). The trends in aerodynamic performance and the characteristics of the wake topology were replicated, despite some differences in results. We declare the replication successful, and make fully available all the digital artifacts and workflow definitions, including software build recipes and container images, as well as secondary data and post-processing code. Run times for each computational experiment on the nominal grid were between 8.1 and 13.8 hours to complete 5 flapping cycles, using two compute nodes with Dual 20-Core 3.70GHz Intel Xeon Gold 6148 CPUs and two NVIDIA V100 GPU devices each. 

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5. Navigation in odor plumes: How do the flapping kinematics modulate the odor landscape?

   https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-2817  

   Lei, Menglong ; Crimaldi, John P. ; Li, Chengyu ( July 2021 , AIAA AVIATION 2021 FORUM)

   Insects rely on their olfactory system to forage, prey, and mate. They can sense odor emitted from sources of their interest, use their highly efficient flapping-wing mechanism to follow odor trails, and track down odor sources. During such an odor-guided navigation, flapping wings not only serve as propulsors for generating lift and maneuvering, but also actively draw odors to the antennae via wing-induced flow. This helps enhance olfactory detection by mimicking “sniffing” in mammals. However, due to a lack of quantitative measuring tools and empirical evidence, we have a poor understanding of how the induced flow generated by flapping kinematics affects the odor landscape. In the current study, we designed a canonical simulation to investigate the impact of flapping motion on the odor plume structures. A sphere was placed in the upstream and releases odor at the Schmidt number of 0.71 and Reynolds number of 200. In the downstream, an ellipsoidal airfoil underwent a pitch-plunge motion. Both two- and three-dimensional cases are simulated with Strouhal number of 0.9. An in-house immersed-boundary-method-based CFD solver was applied to investigate the effects of flapping locomotion on the wake topology and odor distribution. From our simulation results, remarkable resemblances were observed between the wake topology and odor landscape. For the 2D case, an inverse von Kármán vortex street was formed in the downstream. For the 3D case, the wake bifurcates and forms two branches of horseshoe-like vortices. The results revealed in this study have the potential to advance our understanding of the odor-tracking capability of insects navigation and lead to transformative advancements in unmanned aerial devices that will have the potential to greatly impact national security equipment and industrial applications for chemical disaster, drug trafficking detection, and GPS-denied indoor environment. 

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