We assess landed costs and selected environmental metrics for field-based and controlled-environment agriculture greenhouse (GH) supply chains for leaf lettuce delivered to New York City. Landed costs for a GH are 46 to 174 per cent higher than field production, with the lower value for an automated GH located in the peri-urban area. Energy use and global warming potential per kg lettuce delivered were larger for the GH, particularly if located in a peri-urban area. Water use was much higher for the field-based supply chain. Controlled-environment GH technologies will require further development to meet goals for lower costs and environmental impact.
An economic and environmental comparison of conventional and controlled environment agriculture (CEA) supply chains for leaf lettuce to US cities
We assess the landed costs and selected environmental outcomes of conventional field-based and representative CEA supply chains (greenhouses and plant factories) for leaf lettuce delivered to wholesale markets in two US cities. Simulation modeling using heat balance methods was used to assess CEA energy use. Landed costs of field-produced lettuce from California were less than half those from CEA systems. “Best case” analysis suggests few plausible assumptions under which urban-based CEA supply chains have landed costs comparable to field-based supply chains. Energy use and Global Warming Potential (GWP) were also generally larger for CEA supply chains, although a CEA greenhouse had only slightly higher values for GWP if located near its delivery location. Additional analysis of more automated systems in peri-urban areas is merited.
- Editors:
- Aktas, E.; Bourlakis, M.
- Award ID(s):
- 1739163
- Publication Date:
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10206750
- Journal Name:
- Food Supply Chains in Cities
- Page Range or eLocation-ID:
- 33-68
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Publisher's Version of Record
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34065-0_2
