skip to main content


Title: Full-Speed Testing of Silicon Photonic Electro-Optic Modulators from Picowatt-level Scattered Light
We demonstrate a technique for measuring the full-speed performance of integrated modulators from ultraweak surface-coupled and scattered light. This can enable rapid characterization of unpackaged, high-speed wafer-scale integrated photonics without test ports or special fabrication.  more » « less
Award ID(s):
1640968
NSF-PAR ID:
10282996
Author(s) / Creator(s):
; ; ;
Date Published:
Journal Name:
Optical Fiber Communication Conference
Page Range / eLocation ID:
Th4A.7
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
More Like this
  1. Abstract

    Modern advanced photonic integrated circuits require dense integration of high-speed electro-optic functional elements on a compact chip that consumes only moderate power. Energy efficiency, operation speed, and device dimension are thus crucial metrics underlying almost all current developments of photonic signal processing units. Recently, thin-film lithium niobate (LN) emerges as a promising platform for photonic integrated circuits. Here, we make an important step towards miniaturizing functional components on this platform, reporting high-speed LN electro-optic modulators, based upon photonic crystal nanobeam resonators. The devices exhibit a significant tuning efficiency up to 1.98 GHz V−1, a broad modulation bandwidth of 17.5 GHz, while with a tiny electro-optic modal volume of only 0.58μm3. The modulators enable efficient electro-optic driving of high-Q photonic cavity modes in both adiabatic and non-adiabatic regimes, and allow us to achieve electro-optic switching at 11 Gb s−1with a bit-switching energy as low as 22 fJ. The demonstration of energy efficient and high-speed electro-optic modulation at the wavelength scale paves a crucial foundation for realizing large-scale LN photonic integrated circuits that are of immense importance for broad applications in data communication, microwave photonics, and quantum photonics.

     
    more » « less
  2. Abstract This paper presents a software-hardware integrated approach to high-speed large-range dynamic mode imaging of atomic force microscope (AFM). High speed AFM imaging is needed to interrogate dynamic processes at nanoscale such as cellular interactions and polymer crystallization process. High-speed dynamic-modes such as tapping-mode AFM imaging is challenging as the probe tapping motion is sensitive to the highly nonlinear probe-sample interaction during the imaging process. The existing hardware-based approach via bandwidth enlargement, however, results in a substantially reduction of imaging area that can be covered. Contrarily, control (algorithm)-based approach, for example, the recently developed adaptive multiloop mode (AMLM) technique, has demonstrated its efficacy in increasing the tapping-mode imaging speed without loss of imaging size. Further improvement, however, has been limited by the hardware bandwidth and online signal processing speed and computation complexity.Thus, in this paper, the AMLM technique is further enhanced to optimize the probe tapping regulation and integrated with a field programmable gate array (FPGA) platform to further increase the imaging speed without loss of imaging quality and range. Experimental implementation of the proposed approach demonstrates that the high-quality imaging can be achieved at a high-speed scanning rate of 100 Hz and higher, and over a large imaging area of over 20 µm.  
    more » « less
  3. Ellis, K. ; Ferrell, W. ; Knapp, J. (Ed.)
    There is no doubt that there is an increase in the penetration of electrical energy into the operation of high-speed railway systems (HSR). This is even more pronounced with the increasing trends in smart electric multiple units (EMU). The operational speed serves as a metric for punctuality and safety, as well as a critical element to maintain the balance between energy supply and consumption. The speed-based regenerative energy from EMU’s braking mode could be utilized in the restoration of system operation in the aftermath of a failure. This paper optimizes the system resiliency with respect to the operational speed for the purpose of restoration by minimizing the total cost of implementing recovery measures. By simultaneously valuating the dual-impact of any given fault on the speed deterioration level from the railway operation systems (ROS) side and the power supply and demand unbalance level from the railway power systems (RPS) side, this process develops an adaptive two-dimension risk assessment scheme for prioritizing the handling of different operational zones that are cascaded in the system. With the aid of an integrated speed-based resilience cost model, we determine the optimal resilience time, speed modification plan, and energy allocation strategy. The outcome from implementing this routine in a real-world HSR offers a pioneering decision-making strategy and perspective on optimizing the resilience of an integrated system. 
    more » « less
  4. null (Ed.)
    Abstract The diversity of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) in terms of its maximum intensity, zonal extent and phase speed was explored using a cluster analysis method. The zonal extent is found to be significantly correlated to the phase speed. A longer zonal extent is often associated with a faster phase speed. The diversities of zonal extent and speed are connected with distinctive interannual sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) distributions and associated moisture and circulation patterns over the equatorial Pacific. An El Niño–like background SSTA leads to enhanced precipitation over the central Pacific, allowing a stronger vertically overturning circulation to the east of the MJO. This promotes both a larger east-west asymmetry of column-integrated moist static energy (MSE) tendency and a greater boundary-layer moisture leading, serving as potential causes of the faster phase speed. The El Niño–like SSTA also favors the MJOs intruding further into the Pacific, causing a larger zonal extent. The intensity diversity is associated with the interannual SSTA over the Maritime Continent and background moisture condition over the tropical Indian Ocean. An observed warm SSTA over the Maritime Continent excites a local Walker cell with a subsidence over the Indian Ocean, which could decrease the background moisture, weakening the MJO intensity. The intensity difference between strong and weak events would be amplified due to distinct intensity growth speed. The faster intensity growth of a strong MJO is attributed to a greater longwave radiative heating and a greater surface latent heat flux, as both of which contribute to a greater total time change rate of the column-integrated MSE. 
    more » « less
  5. Alkali metal dispensers have become an indispensable tool in the production of atomic vapors for magnetometry, alkali vapor cell clocks, and laser cooling experiments. A primary advantage of these dispensers is that they contain alkali metal in an inert form that can be exposed to air without hazard. However, their high temperature of operation (>600 °C) is undesirable for many applications, as it shifts the atomic speed distribution to higher values and presents a radiative heat source that can raise the temperature of its surroundings. For this reason, dispensers are typically not used in line-of-sight applications, such as atomic beam generation. In this work, we present an integrated rubidium dispenser collimating device with a thickness of only 2 mm that produces a beam of atoms traveling primarily in the forward direction. We find that the collimator plate serves to both shield the dispenser's radiation and moderate the velocity of the atomic beam so that the measured longitudinal speed distribution is comparable to that of an ordinary alkali oven at only a slightly elevated temperature of 200 °C. To confirm our theory, we also constructed another compact apparatus consisting of a dispenser and a silicon collimator and the measurements support our conclusion. Our integrated dispenser collimator will particularly be useful in integrated photonics and cavity QED on-chip, where a localized, directed source of Rb vapor in small quantities is needed.

     
    more » « less