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1. i-SAD: An Edge-Intelligent IoT-Based Wearable for Substance Abuse Detection

   https://doi.org/10.1109/iSES47678.2019.00035  

   Sundaravadivel, Prabha; Fitzgerald, Ashton; Indic, Premananda (December 2019, 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Smart Electronic Systems (iSES) (Formerly iNiS))

   Overindulgence of harmful substances such as drugs or alcohol, called substance abuse, can directly affect a person's health and their day-to-day activities. The younger population become more vulnerable to such use of psychoactive substances due to lack of awareness of the long-term hazardous effects these substances can have on their health. Additionally, these individuals tend to develop severe mental disorders as they grow older. With the boom of Internet of Things (IoT), the use of wearable sensors such as smartwatches and smartphones has tremendously increased. These wearables help in monitoring a person's physiological signal and keep them informed of one's health. In this research, we propose an edge-intelligent IoT-based wearable that can assist in substance-abuse detection by monitoring their physiological signals on daily basis. The proposed system helps in monitoring the substance abuse and craving of the individual and help the healthcare provider to start an early intervention as required. The proposed system is validated using a custom-built wearable, i-SAD, which was developed as a dedicated substance abuse wearable using commercially available off-the-shelf components. The proposed wearable design was validated using medical quality wearable and yielded a correlation of 0.89 for accelerometer values and 0.92 for average heart rate values. 

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2. Good-Eye: A Combined Computer-Vision and Physiological-Sensor based Device for Full-Proof Prediction and Detection of Fall of Adults

   https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43605-6_16  

   Rachakonda, Laavanya; Sharma, Akshay; Mohanty, Saraju; Kougianos, Elias (January 2019, Proceedings of the 2nd IFIP International Internet of Things (IoT) Conference (IFIP-IoT))

   It is imperative to find the most accurate way to detect falls in elders to help mitigate the disastrous effects of such unfortunate injuries. In order to mitigate fall related accidents, we propose the Good-Eye System, an Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Edge Level Device which works when there is an orientation change detected by camera, and monitors physiological signal parameters. If the observed change is greater than the set threshold, the user is notified with information regarding a prediction of fall or a detection of fall, using LED lights. The Good-Eye System has a remote wall attached camera to monitor continuously the subject as long as the person is in a room along with a camera attached to a wearable to increase the accuracy of the model. The observed accuracy of the Good-Eye System as a whole is approximately 95%. 

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3. Energy per Operation Optimization for Energy-Harvesting Wearable IoT Devices

   https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030764  

   Park, Jaehyun; Bhat, Ganapati; NK, Anish; Geyik, Cemil S.; Ogras, Umit Y.; Lee, Hyung Gyu (February 2020, Sensors)

   Wearable internet of things (IoT) devices can enable a variety of biomedical applications, such as gesture recognition, health monitoring, and human activity tracking. Size and weight constraints limit the battery capacity, which leads to frequent charging requirements and user dissatisfaction. Minimizing the energy consumption not only alleviates this problem, but also paves the way for self-powered devices that operate on harvested energy. This paper considers an energy-optimal gesture recognition application that runs on energy-harvesting devices. We first formulate an optimization problem for maximizing the number of recognized gestures when energy budget and accuracy constraints are given. Next, we derive an analytical energy model from the power consumption measurements using a wearable IoT device prototype. Then, we prove that maximizing the number of recognized gestures is equivalent to minimizing the duration of gesture recognition. Finally, we utilize this result to construct an optimization technique that maximizes the number of gestures recognized under the energy budget constraints while satisfying the recognition accuracy requirements. Our extensive evaluations demonstrate that the proposed analytical model is valid for wearable IoT applications, and the optimization approach increases the number of recognized gestures by up to 2.4× compared to a manual optimization. 

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4. Learning-Based Secure Spectrum Sharing for Intelligent IoT Networks

   https://doi.org/10.1109/ISQED60706.2024.10528684  

   Alipour-Fanid, Amir; Dabaghchian, Monireh; Jiao, Long; Zeng, Kai (April 2024, IEEE)

   In intelligent IoT networks, an IoT user is capable of sensing the spectrum and learning from its observation to dynamically access the wireless channels without interfering with the primary user’s signal. The network, however, is potentially subject to primary user emulation and jamming attacks. In the existing works, various attacks and defense mechanisms for spectrum sharing in IoT networks have been proposed. This paper systematically conducts a targeted survey of these efforts and proposes new approaches for future studies to strengthen the communication of IoT users. Our proposed methods involve the development of intelligent IoT devices that go beyond existing solutions, enabling them not only to share the spectrum with licensed users but also to effectively thwart potential attackers. First, considering practical aspects of imperfect spectrum sensing and delay, we propose to utilize online machine learning-based approaches to design spectrum sharing attack policies. We also investigate the attacker’s channel observation/sensing capabilities to design attack policies using time-varying feedback graph models. Second, taking into account the IoT devices’ practical characteristics of channel switching delay, we propose online learning-based channel access policies for optimal defense by the IoT device to guarantee the maximum network capacity. We then highlight future research directions, focusing on the defense of IoT devices against adaptive attackers. Finally, aided by concepts from intelligence and statistical factor analysis tools, we provide a workflow which can be utilized for devices’ intelligence factors impact analysis on the defense performance. 

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5. A pilot study of the Earable device to measure facial muscle and eye movement tasks among healthy volunteers

   https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000061  

   Wipperman, Matthew F.; Pogoncheff, Galen; Mateo, Katrina F.; Wu, Xuefang; Chen, Yiziying; Levy, Oren; Avbersek, Andreja; Deterding, Robin R.; Hamon, Sara C.; Vu, Tam; et al (June 2022, PLOS Digital Health)

   Li-Jessen, Nicole Yee-Key (Ed.)

   The Earable device is a behind-the-ear wearable originally developed to measure cognitive function. Since Earable measures electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and electrooculography (EOG), it may also have the potential to objectively quantify facial muscle and eye movement activities relevant in the assessment of neuromuscular disorders. As an initial step to developing a digital assessment in neuromuscular disorders, a pilot study was conducted to determine whether the Earable device could be utilized to objectively measure facial muscle and eye movements intended to be representative of Performance Outcome Assessments, (PerfOs) with tasks designed to model clinical PerfOs, referred to as mock-PerfO activities. The specific aims of this study were: To determine whether the Earable raw EMG, EOG, and EEG signals could be processed to extract features describing these waveforms; To determine Earable feature data quality, test re-test reliability, and statistical properties; To determine whether features derived from Earable could be used to determine the difference between various facial muscle and eye movement activities; and, To determine what features and feature types are important for mock-PerfO activity level classification. A total of N = 10 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Each study participant performed 16 mock-PerfOs activities, including talking, chewing, swallowing, eye closure, gazing in different directions, puffing cheeks, chewing an apple, and making various facial expressions. Each activity was repeated four times in the morning and four times at night. A total of 161 summary features were extracted from the EEG, EMG, and EOG bio-sensor data. Feature vectors were used as input to machine learning models to classify the mock-PerfO activities, and model performance was evaluated on a held-out test set. Additionally, a convolutional neural network (CNN) was used to classify low-level representations of the raw bio-sensor data for each task, and model performance was correspondingly evaluated and compared directly to feature classification performance. The model’s prediction accuracy on the Earable device’s classification ability was quantitatively assessed. Study results indicate that Earable can potentially quantify different aspects of facial and eye movements and may be used to differentiate mock-PerfO activities. Specially, Earable was found to differentiate talking, chewing, and swallowing tasks from other tasks with observed F1 scores >0.9. While EMG features contribute to classification accuracy for all tasks, EOG features are important for classifying gaze tasks. Finally, we found that analysis with summary features outperformed a CNN for activity classification. We believe Earable may be used to measure cranial muscle activity relevant for neuromuscular disorder assessment. Classification performance of mock-PerfO activities with summary features enables a strategy for detecting disease-specific signals relative to controls, as well as the monitoring of intra-subject treatment responses. Further testing is needed to evaluate the Earable device in clinical populations and clinical development settings. 

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