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1. Transport and co‐transport of carboxylate ions and alcohols in cation exchange membranes

   https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.20210383  

   Kim, Jung Min; Beckingham, Bryan S. (July 2021, Journal of Polymer Science)

   Abstract Understanding multi‐component transport behavior through hydrated dense membranes is of interest for numerous applications. For the particular case of photoelectrochemical CO₂reduction cells (PEC‐CRC), it is important to understand the multi‐component transport behavior of CO₂electrochemical reduction products including mobile carboxylates (formate and acetate) and alcohols (methanol and ethanol) in the ion exchange membranes as one role of the membrane in these devices is to minimize the permeation of these CO₂reduction products to the anolyte as they often oxidize back to CO₂. Cation exchange membranes (CEM) are promising candidates for such devices as they act to minimize the permeation of mobile anions, such as carboxylates. However, the design of new CEMs is necessary as the permeation of carboxylates often increases in co‐permeation with alcohols. Here, we investigate the transport behavior of carboxylates and alcohols in two types of CEMs (1) a crosslinked CEM was prepared by free‐radical copolymerization of a sulfonated monomer (AMPS) with a crosslinker (PEGDA), and (2) Nafion® 117. We observe an increase in both PEGDA‐AMPS and Nafion® 117 diffusivities to carboxylates in co‐diffusion with alcohols. We attribute this behavior to charge screening by co‐diffusing alcohol that reduces the electrostatic repulsion between bound sulfonates and mobile carboxylates. 

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2. Ethylene and ethane transport properties of hydrogen-stable Ag+-based facilitated transport membranes

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120300  

   Davenport, Matthew N.; Bentley, Caitlin L.; Brennecke, Joan F.; Freeman, Benny D. (April 2022, Journal of Membrane Science)
3. Controlling Fractional Free Volume, Transport, and Co-Transport of Alcohols and Carboxylate Salts in PEGDA Membranes

   https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13010017  

   Mazumder, Antara; Kim, Jung Min; Hunter, Brock; Beckingham, Bryan S. (January 2023, Membranes)

   Understanding multi-component transport through polymer membranes is critical for separation applications such as water purification, energy devices, etc. Specifically for CO2 reduction cells, where the CO2 reduction products (alcohols and carboxylate salts), crossover of these species is undesirable and improving the design of ion exchange membranes to prevent this behavior is needed. Previously, it was observed that acetate transport increased in copermeation with alcohols for cation exchange membranes consisting of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and that the inclusion of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) (n = 5, n represents the number of ethylene oxide repeat units) could suppress this behavior. Here, we further investigate the role of PEGMA in modulating fractional free volume and transport behavior of alcohols and carboxylates. PEGDA-PEGMA membranes of varied membranes are fabricated with both varied pre −polymerization water content at constant PEGMA (n = 9) content and varied PEGMA content at two pre −polymerization water contents (20 and 60 wt.% water). Permeability to sodium acetate also decreases in these charge-neutral PEGDA-PEGMA membranes compared to PEGMA-free films. Therefore, incorporation of comonomers such as PEGMA with long side chains may provide a useful membrane chemistry structural motif for preventing undesirable carboxylate crossover in polymer membranes. 

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4. Optimal transport and control of active drops

   https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2121985119  

   Shankar, Suraj; Raju, Vidya; Mahadevan, L. (August 2022, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)

   Understanding the complex patterns in space–time exhibited by active systems has been the subject of much interest in recent times. Complementing this forward problem is the inverse problem of controlling active matter. Here, we use optimal control theory to pose the problem of transporting a slender drop of an active fluid and determine the dynamical profile of the active stresses to move it with minimal viscous dissipation. By parametrizing the position and size of the drop using a low-order description based on lubrication theory, we uncover a natural “gather–move–spread” strategy that leads to an optimal bound on the maximum achievable displacement of the drop relative to its size. In the continuum setting, the competition between passive surface tension and active controls generates richer behavior with futile oscillations and complex drop morphologies that trade internal dissipation against the transport cost to select optimal strategies. Our work combines active hydrodynamics and optimal control in a tractable and interpretable framework and begins to pave the way for the spatiotemporal manipulation of active matter. 

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5. Interplay of magnetism and transport in HoBi

   https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.98.045136  

   Yang, H.-Y.; Gaudet, J.; Aczel, A. A.; Graf, D. E.; Blaha, P.; Gaulin, B. D.; Tafti, Fazel (July 2018, Physical Review B)