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Novel push-pull systems comprised of triphenylamine-tetracyanobutadiene, a high-energy CT species is linked to a near-IR sensitizer, azaBODIPY, for promoting excited state CS. These new systems revealed panchromatic absorption due to combined effect of intramolecular CT, and near-IR absorbing azaBODIPY. Using electrochemical and computational studies, energy levels were established to visualize excited state events. Fs-TA studies were performed to monitor excited state CT events. From target analysis, the effect of solvent polarity, number of linked CT entities, and excitation wavelength dependence in governing the lifetime of CS states was established. Electron exchange between two TPA-TCBD entities in 3 seem to prolong lifetime of the CS state. Importantly, we have been successful in demonstrating efficient CS upon both high-energy CT and low-energy near-IR excitations, signifying importance of these push-pull systems for optoelectronic applications operating in the wide optical window.
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A Novel Method to Discriminate Active from Residual Whitecaps Using Particle Image Velocimetry
Whitecap foam generated by wind-driven wave breaking is distinguished as either active (stage A) or residual (stage B). Discrimination of whitecap stages is essential to quantify the influence of whitecaps on the physical and chemical processes at the marine boundary layer. This study provides a novel method to identify whitecap stages based on visible imagery using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Data used are from a Gulf of Mexico cruise where collocated infrared (IR) and visible cameras simultaneously recorded whitecaps. IR images were processed by an established thresholding method to determine stage A lifetime from brightness temperature. The visible images were also filtered using a thresholding method and then processed using PIV to estimate the average whitecap velocity. A linear relationship was established between the lifetime of stage A and the timescale of averaged velocity. This novel method allows stage A whitecap lifetime to be determined using whitecap velocity and provides an objective approach to separate whitecap stages. This method paves the way for future research to easily quantify whitecap stages using affordable off-the-shelf video cameras. Results, which include evidence that whitecaps stop advancing before stage A ends and may be an indication of bubble plume degassing, are discussed.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1829986
- PAR ID:
- 10387934
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Remote Sensing
- Volume:
- 13
- Issue:
- 20
- ISSN:
- 2072-4292
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 4051
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204051
