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The Northwest Coast of North America stretches 4000 km from Bering Strait to Washington State. Here we review the history of glaciation, sea level, oceanography, and climate along the Northwest Coast and in the subarctic Pacific Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum and deglaciation. The period of interest is Marine Isotope Stage 2 between ca. 29,000 calendar years ago (29 ka) and 11,700 calendar years ago (11.7 ka). The glacial history of the Northwest Coast involved multiple glacial systems responding independently to latitudinal variations in climate caused by changes in the North American ice sheets and in the tropical ocean-atmosphere system. Glaciers reached their maximum extents 1–5 kyrs later along the Northwest Coast than did large sectors of the Laurentide and Fennoscandian Ice Sheets. Local, Last Glacial Maxima were reached in a time-transgressive, north to south sequence between southwestern Alaska and Puget Sound. The history of relative sea level along the Northwest Coast during Marine Isotope Stage 2 was complex because of rapid isostatic adjustments by a thin lithosphere to these time-transgressive glacial fluctuations. Multiple lines of evidence suggest Bering Strait was first flooded by the sea after 11 ka and that it probably did not assume its present-day oceanographic functions until after 9 ka. The coldest intervals occurred during Heinrich Event 2 (ca. 26–23.5 ka), again between ca. 23 and 21.5 ka, and during Heinrich Event 1 (ca. 18–15 ka). During these times, mean annual sea surface temperatures cooled by 5o to 8o C in the Gulf of Alaska, and glacial equilibrium-line altitudes fell below present sea level in southern Alaska and along the Aleutian Island chain. Sea ice episodically expanded across the subarctic Pacific in winter. Oceanographic changes in the Gulf of Alaska tracked variations in the vigor of the Asian Summer Monsoon. The deglaciation of the Northwest Coast may have served as the trigger for global climate changes during deglaciation. Starting ca. 21 ka, marine-based glaciers there were increasingly destabilized by rising eustatic sea level and influxes of freshwater and heat associated with the rejuvenation of the Asian Summer Monsoon. Rapid retreat of marine-based glaciers began ca. 19 ka and released large numbers of ice bergs and vast amounts of freshwater into the Northeast Pacific. Resultant cooling of the North Pacific may have been teleconnected to the North Atlantic through the atmosphere, where it slowed Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and initiated the global effects of Heinrich Event 1, ca. 18–15 ka. During the Younger Dryas, ca. 12.8–11.7 ka, mean annual sea surface temperatures were 4o to 6o C cooler than today in the Gulf of Alaska, and sea ice again expanded across the subarctic Pacific in winter. Conditions of extreme seasonality characterized by cold, dry winters and warm, steadily ameliorating summers caused by the southward diversion of the Aleutian Low in winter may explain the previously enigmatic records of Younger Dryas climate along the Northwest Coast.
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The Bering Strait was flooded 10,000 years before the Last Glacial Maximum
The cyclic growth and decay of continental ice sheets can be reconstructed from the history of global sea level. Sea level is relatively well constrained for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 26,500 to 19,000 y ago, 26.5 to 19 ka) and the ensuing deglaciation. However, sea-level estimates for the period of ice-sheet growth before the LGM vary by > 60 m, an uncertainty comparable to the sea-level equivalent of the contemporary Antarctic Ice Sheet. Here, we constrain sea level prior to the LGM by reconstructing the flooding history of the shallow Bering Strait since 46 ka. Using a geochemical proxy of Pacific nutrient input to the Arctic Ocean, we find that the Bering Strait was flooded from the beginning of our records at 46 ka until 35.7 - 2.4 + 3.3 ka. To match this flooding history, our sea-level model requires an ice history in which over 50% of the LGM’s global peak ice volume grew after 46 ka. This finding implies that global ice volume and climate were not linearly coupled during the last ice age, with implications for the controls on each. Moreover, our results shorten the time window between the opening of the Bering Land Bridge and the arrival of humans in the Americas.
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- PAR ID:
- 10405129
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Volume:
- 120
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 0027-8424
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2206742119
