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Due to the emergence of wide-spread infectious diseases, there is a heightened need for antimicrobial and/or antifouling coatings that can be used to prevent infection and transmission in a variety of applications, ranging from healthcare devices to public facilities. While antimicrobial coatings kill pathogenic bacteria upon contact with the surface, the antimicrobial function alone often lacks long-term effectiveness due to the accumulation of dead cells and their debris on the surface, thus reducing the performance of the coating over time. Therefore, it is desirable to develop coatings with the dual functions of antimicrobial efficacy and fouling resistance, in which antifouling coatings provide the added benefit of preventing the adhesion of dead cells and debris. Leveraging the outstanding antifouling properties of zwitterionic coatings, we synthesized copolymers with this antimicrobial-antifouling dual function by immobilizing lysozyme, a common antimicrobial enzyme, to the surface of a pyridinium-based zwitterionic copolymer. Specifically, poly(4-vinylpyridine- co -pentaflurophenyl methacrylate- co -divinyl benzene) [P(4VP-PFPMA-DVB)] thin films were synthesized by an all-dry vapor deposition technique, initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition, and derivatized using 1,3-propane sultone to obtain sulfobetaine moieties. Lysozyme, known to hydrolyze polysaccharides in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria, was immobilized by forming amide bonds with the copolymer coating via nucleophilic substitution of the pentafluorophenyl group. The antifouling and antibacterial performance of the novel lysozyme-zwitterionic coating was tested against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa . A reduction in surface adhesion of 87% was achieved for P. aeruginosa , and of 75% for B. subtilis , when compared to a common poly(vinyl chloride) surface. The lysozyme-zwitterionic coating also deactivated 67% of surface-attached Gram-positive bacteria, B. subtilis . This novel dual-function material can produce anti -infection surfaces for medical devices and surgical tools, personal care products, and surfaces in public facilities.
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Zwitterionic surface chemistry enhances detachment of bacteria under shear
The ubiquitous nature of microorganisms, especially of biofilm-forming bacteria, makes biofouling a prevalent challenge in many settings, including medical and industrial environments immersed in liquid and subjected to shear forces. Recent studies have shown that zwitterionic groups are effective in suppressing bacteria and protein adhesion as well as biofilm growth. However, the effect of zwitterionic groups on the removal of surface-bound bacteria has not been extensively studied. Here we present a microfluidic approach to evaluate the effectiveness in facilitating bacteria detachment by shear of an antifouling surface treatment using (3-(dimethyl;(3-trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ammonia propane-1-sulfonate), a sulfobetaine silane (SBS). Control studies show that SBS-functionalized surfaces greatly increase protein (bovine serum albumin) removal upon rinsing. On the same surfaces, enhanced bacteria ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) removal is observed under shear. To quantify this enhancement a microfluidic shear device is employed to investigate how SBS-functionalized surfaces promote bacteria detachment under shear. By using a microfluidic channel with five shear zones, we compare the removal of bacteria from zwitterionic and glass surfaces under different shear rates. At times of 15 min, 30 min, and 60 min, bacteria adhesion on SBS-functionalized surfaces is reduced relative to the control surface (glass) under quiescent conditions. However, surface-associated bacteria on the SBS-functionalized glass and control show similar percentages of live cells, suggesting minimal intrinsic biocidal effect from the SBS-functionalized surface. Notably, when exposed to shear rates ranging from 10 4 to 10 5 s −1 , significantly fewer bacteria remain on the SBS-functionalized surfaces. These results demonstrate the potential of zwitterionic sulfobetaine as effective antifouling coatings that facilitate the removal of bacteria under shear.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1720530
- PAR ID:
- 10414855
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Soft Matter
- Volume:
- 18
- Issue:
- 35
- ISSN:
- 1744-683X
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 6618 to 6628
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
-
Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1039/d2sm00065b
