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Sensing complex gaseous mixtures and identifying their composition and concentration have the potential to achieve unprecedented improvements in environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, industrial safety, and the food/agriculture industry. Electronically transduced chemical sensors capable of recognizing and differentiating specific target gases and transducing these chemical stimuli in a portable electronic device offer an opportunity for impact by bridging the utility of chemical information with global wireless connectivity. Among electronically transduced chemical sensors, chemiresistors stand out as particularly promising due to combined features of low-power requirements, room temperature operation, non-line-of-sight detection, high portability, and exceptional modularity. Relying on changes in resistance of a functional material triggered by variations in the surrounding chemical environment, these devices have achieved part-per-billion sensitivities of analytes by employing conductive polymers, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), metal oxides, metal nanoparticles, metal dichalcogenides, or MXenes as sensing materials. Despite these tremendous developments, the need for stable, selective, and sensitive chemiresistors demands continued innovation in material design in order to operate in complex mixtures with interferents as well as variations in humidity and temperature. To fill existing gaps in sensing capabilities, conductive metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have recently emerged as a promising class of materials for chemiresistive sensing. In contrast to previously reported chemiresistors, these materials offer at least three unique features for gas sensing applications: (i) bottom-up synthesis from molecularly precise precursors that allows for strategic control of material−analyte interactions, (ii) intrinsic conductivity that simultaneously facilitates charge transport and signal transduction under low power requirements, and (iii) high surface area that enables the accessibility of abundant active sites and decontamination of gas streams by coordinating to and, sometimes, detoxifying harmful analytes. Through an emphasis on molecular engineering of structure−property relationships in conductive MOFs and COFs, combined with strategic innovations in device integration strategies and device form factor (i.e., the physical dimensions and design of device components), our group has paved the way to demonstrating the multifunctional utility of these materials in the chemiresistive detection of gases and vapors. Backed by spectroscopic assessment of material−analyte interactions, we illustrated how molecular-level features lead to device performance in detection, filtration, and detoxification of gaseous analytes. By merging the bottom-up synthesis of these materials with device integration, we show the versatility and scalability of using these materials in low-power electronic sensing devices. Taken together, our achievements, combined with the progress spearheaded on this class of materials by other researchers, establish conductive MOFs and COFs as promising multifunctional materials for applications in electronically transduced, portable, low-power sensing devices.
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Two-Dimensional Ti3C2 MXene-Based Novel Nanocomposites for Breath Sensors for Early Detection of Diabetes Mellitus
The rates of diabetes throughout the world are rising rapidly, impacting nearly every country. New research is focused on better ways to monitor and treat this disease. Breath acetone levels have been defined as a biomarker for diabetes. The development of a method to monitor and diagnose diabetes utilizing breath acetone levels would provide a fast, easy, and non-invasive treatment option. An ideal material for point-of-care diabetes management would need to have a high response to acetone, high acetone selectivity, low interference from humidity, and be able to operate at room temperature. Chemiresistive gas sensors are a promising method for sensing breath acetone due to their simple fabrication and easy operation. Certain semiconductor materials in chemiresistive sensors can react to acetone in the air and produce changes in resistance that can be correlated with acetone levels. While these materials have been developed and show strong responses to acetone with good selectivity, most of them must operate at high temperatures (compared to RT), causing high power consumption, unstable device operation, and complex device design. In this paper, we systematically studied a series of 2-dimensional MXene-based nanocomposites as the sensing materials in chemiresistive sensors to detect 2.86 ppm of acetone at room temperature. Most of them showed great sensitivity and selectivity for acetone. In particular, the 1D/2D CrWO/Ti3C2 nanocomposite showed the best sensing response to acetone: nine times higher sensitivity than 1D KWO nanowires. To determine the sensing selectivity, a CrWO/Ti3C2 nanocomposite-based sensor was exposed to various common vapors in human breath. The result revealed that it has excellent selectivity for acetone, and far lower responses to other vapors. All these preliminary results indicate that this material is a promising candidate for the creation of a point-of-care diabetes management device.
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- PAR ID:
- 10426887
- Publisher / Repository:
- MPDI
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Biosensors
- Volume:
- 12
- Issue:
- 5
- ISSN:
- 2079-6374
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 332
- Subject(s) / Keyword(s):
- 2D Ti3C2 MXene 1D nanostructured semiconductors breath acetone diabetes chemiresistive sensor
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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