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1. Fabrication of highly effective hybrid biofuel cell based on integral colloidal platinum and bilirubin oxidase on gold support

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34740-w  

   Hasan, Md Qumrul ; Kuis, Robinson ; Narayanan, J. Shankara ; Slaughter, Gymama ( November 2018 , Scientific Reports)

   A hybrid biofuel cell (HBFC) is explored as a low-cost alternative to abiotic and enzymatic biofuel cells. Here the HBFC provides an enzymeless approach for the fabrication of the anodic electrode while employing an enzymatic approach for the fabrication of the cathodic electrode to develop energy harvesting platform to power bioelectronic devices. The anode employed 250 μm braided gold wire modified with colloidal platinum (Au-co-Pt) and bilirubin oxidase (BODx) modified gold coated Buckypaper (BP-Au-BODx) cathode. The functionalization of the gold coated multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) structures of the BP electrodes is achieved by 3-mercaptopropionic acid surface modification to possess negatively charged carboxylic groups and subsequently followed by EDC/Sulfo-NHS (1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-Hydroxysulfosuccinimide) crosslinking with BODx. The integration of the BODx and gold coated MWCNTs is evaluated for bioelectrocatalytic activity. The Au-co-Pt and BP-Au-BODx exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation with a linear dynamic range up to 20 mM glucose and molecular oxygen reduction, respectively. The HBFC demonstrated excellent performance with the largest open circuit voltages of 0.735 V and power density of 46.31 μW/cm²in 3 mM glucose. In addition, the HBFC operating on 3 mM glucose exhibited excellent uninterrupted operational stability while continuously powering a small electronic device. These results provide great opportunities for implementing this simple but efficient HBFC to harvest the biochemical energy of target fuel(s) in diverse medical and environmental applications.

    

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2. Laser induced graphene-based glucose biofuel cell

   https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS47087.2021.9639554  

   Hossain, Md Faruk ; Slaughter, Gymama ( October 2021 , 2021 IEEE Sensors)

   A glucose biofuel cell is presented using laser induced 3D graphene (LIG) substrate integrated with catalytic active nanomaterials for harnessing the biochemical energy of glucose. The LIG anode comprised glucose dehydrogenase immobilized on reduced graphene oxide and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (RGO/MWCNTs) nanocomposite for glucose oxidation. The LIG cathode is modified with RGO/MWCNTs and silver oxide (Ag 2 O) nanocomposites for the reduction of oxygen. The assembled biofuel cell exhibited a linear peak power response up to 18 mM glucose with sensitivity of 0.63 μW mM -1 cm −2 and exhibited good linearity (r 2 = 0.99). The glucose biofuel cell showed an open-circuit voltage of 0.365 V, a maximum power density of 11.3 μW cm −2 at a cell voltage of 0.25 V, and a short-circuit current density of 45.18 μA cm −2 when operating in 18 mM glucose. Cyclic voltammetry revealed the bioanode exhibited similar linearity for the detection of glucose. These results demonstrate that LIG based bioelectrodes offer great promise for diverse applications in the development of hybrid biofuel cell and biosensor technology. 

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3. Gold and silver oxide conducting nanocomposite cathode for glucose biofuel cell

   https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS47087.2021.9639600  

   Banerjee, Saikat ; Nguyen, Mathew ; Slaughter, Gymama ( October 2021 , 2021 IEEE Sensors)

   A glucose biofuel cell on a flexible bacterial nanocellulose film was prepared. The bioelectrodes were printed using gold ink as the conductive material. The anode was modified with colloidal platinum for the oxidation of glucose. The cathode was modified with a nanocomposite comprising gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver oxide (Ag2O) nanoparticles. The cathode was characterized via cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and UV spectroscopy techniques. The assembled biofuel cell generated a maximum open circuit voltage (V oc ) of 0.485 V, short circuit current (I sc ) of 0.352 mA/cm 2 , and a maximum peak power density (P max ) of 0.032 mW/cm 2 when operating in 30 mM concentration. This system showed a stable and linear performance with a linear range of 1 mM to 30 mM glucose. The gold printed electrode process is applicable to the development of wearable and implantable abiotic biofuel cell. 

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4. A Ceramic‐Electrolyte Glucose Fuel Cell for Implantable Electronics

   https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202109075  

   Simons, Philipp ; Schenk, Steven A. ; Gysel, Marco A. ; Olbrich, Lorenz F. ; Rupp, Jennifer L. M. ( May 2022 , Advanced Materials)

   Next‐generation implantable devices such as sensors, drug‐delivery systems, and electroceuticals require efficient, reliable, and highly miniaturized power sources. Existing power sources such as the Li–I₂pacemaker battery exhibit limited scale‐down potential without sacrificing capacity, and therefore, alternatives are needed to power miniaturized implants. This work shows that ceramic electrolytes can be used in potentially implantable glucose fuel cells with unprecedented miniaturization. Specifically, a ceramic glucose fuel cell—based on the proton‐conducting electrolyte ceria—that is composed of a freestanding membrane of thickness below 400 nm and fully integrated into silicon for easy integration into bioelectronics is demonstrated. In contrast to polymeric membranes, all materials used are highly temperature stable, making thermal sterilization for implantation trivial. A peak power density of 43 µW cm⁻², and an unusually high statistical verification of successful fabrication and electrochemical function across 150 devices for open‐circuit voltage and 12 devices for power density, enabled by a specifically designed testing apparatus and protocol, is demonstrated. The findings demonstrate that ceramic‐based micro‐glucose‐fuel‐cells constitute the smallest potentially implantable power sources to date and are viable options to power the next generation of highly miniaturized implantable medical devices.

    

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5. Power Scavenging Microsystem for Smart Contact Lenses

   https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202401068  

   Pourshaban, Erfan ; Karkhanis, Mohit U. ; Deshpande, Adwait ; Banerjee, Aishwaryadev ; Hasan, Md Rabiul ; Nikeghbal, Amirali ; Ghosh, Chayanjit ; Kim, Hanseup ; Mastrangelo, Carlos H. ( March 2024 , Small)

   On‐the‐eye microsystems such as smart contacts for vision correction, health monitoring, drug delivery, and displaying information represent a new emerging class of low‐profile (≤ 1 mm) wireless microsystems that conform to the curvature of the eyeball surface. The implementation of suitable low‐profile power sources for eye‐based microsystems on curved substrates is a major technical challenge addressed in this paper. The fabrication and characterization of a hybrid energy generation unit composed of a flexible silicon solar cell and eye‐blinking activated Mg–O₂metal–air harvester capable of sustainably supplying electrical power to smart ocular devices are reported. The encapsulated photovoltaic device provides a DC output with a power density of 42.4 µW cm⁻²and 2.5 mW cm⁻²under indoor and outdoor lighting conditions, respectively. The eye‐blinking activated Mg–air harvester delivers pulsed power output with a maximum power density of 1.3 mW cm⁻². A power management circuit with an integrated 11 mF supercapacitor is used to convert the harvesters’ pulsed voltages to DC, boost up the voltages, and continuously deliver ≈150 µW at a stable 3.3 V DC output. Uniquely, in contrast to wireless power transfer, the power pack continuously generates electric power and does not require any type of external accessories for operation.

    

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