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Graph convolutional neural networks (GCNs) embed nodes in a graph into Euclidean space, which has been shown to incur a large distortion when embedding real-world graphs with scale-free or hierarchical structure. Hyperbolic geometry offers an exciting alternative, as it enables embeddings with much smaller distortion. However, extending GCNs to hyperbolic geometry presents several unique challenges because it is not clear how to define neural network operations, such as feature transformation and aggregation, in hyperbolic space. Furthermore, since input features are often Euclidean, it is unclear how to transform the features into hyperbolic embeddings with the right amount of curvature. Here we propose Hyperbolic Graph Convolutional Neural Network (HGCN), the first inductive hyperbolic GCN that leverages both the expressiveness of GCNs and hyperbolic geometry to learn inductive node representations for hierarchical and scale-free graphs. We derive GCNs operations in the hyperboloid model of hyperbolic space and map Euclidean input features to embeddings in hyperbolic spaces with different trainable curvature at each layer. Experiments demonstrate that HGCN learns embeddings that preserve hierarchical structure, and leads to improved performance when compared to Euclidean analogs, even with very low dimensional embeddings: compared to state-of-the-art GCNs, HGCN achieves an error reduction of up to 63.1% in ROC AUC for link prediction and of up to 47.5% in F1 score for node classification, also improving state-of-the art on the PubMed dataset.
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Nested Hyperbolic Spaces for Dimensionality Reduction and Hyperbolic NN Design
Hyperbolic neural networks have been popular in the re- cent past due to their ability to represent hierarchical data sets effectively and efficiently. The challenge in develop- ing these networks lies in the nonlinearity of the embed- ding space namely, the Hyperbolic space. Hyperbolic space is a homogeneous Riemannian manifold of the Lorentz group which is a semi-Riemannian manifold, i.e. a mani- fold equipped with an indefinite metric. Most existing meth- ods (with some exceptions) use local linearization to de- fine a variety of operations paralleling those used in tra- ditional deep neural networks in Euclidean spaces. In this paper, we present a novel fully hyperbolic neural network which uses the concept of projections (embeddings) fol- lowed by an intrinsic aggregation and a nonlinearity all within the hyperbolic space. The novelty here lies in the projection which is designed to project data on to a lower- dimensional embedded hyperbolic space and hence leads to a nested hyperbolic space representation independently useful for dimensionality reduction. The main theoretical contribution is that the proposed embedding is proved to be isometric and equivariant under the Lorentz transforma- tions, which are the natural isometric transformations in hyperbolic spaces. This projection is computationally effi- cient since it can be expressed by simple linear operations, and, due to the aforementioned equivariance property, it al- lows for weight sharing. The nested hyperbolic space rep- resentation is the core component of our network and there- fore, we first compare this representation – independent of the network – with other dimensionality reduction methods such as tangent PCA, principal geodesic analysis (PGA) and HoroPCA. Based on this equivariant embedding, we develop a novel fully hyperbolic graph convolutional neural network architecture to learn the parameters of the projec- tion. Finally, we present experiments demonstrating com- parative performance of our network on several publicly available data sets.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1724174
- PAR ID:
- 10467120
- Publisher / Repository:
- IEEE Computer Society
- Date Published:
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 356-365
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Location:
- New Orleans, LA
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Conference Paper:
- The DOI is not currently available.
