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1. Fast neutron background characterization of the future Ricochet experiment at the ILL research nuclear reactor

   https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-11150-x  

   Augier, C.; Baulieu, G.; Belov, V.; Berge, L.; Billard, J.; Bres, G.; Bret, J-. L.; Broniatowski, A.; Calvo, M.; Cazes, A.; et al (January 2023, The European Physical Journal C)

   Abstract The futureRicochetexperiment aims at searching for new physics in the electroweak sector by providing a high precision measurement of the Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering (CENNS) process down to the sub-100 eV nuclear recoil energy range. The experiment will deploy a kg-scale low-energy-threshold detector array combining Ge and Zn target crystals 8.8 m away from the 58 MW research nuclear reactor core of the Institut Laue Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble, France. Currently, theRicochetCollaboration is characterizing the backgrounds at its future experimental site in order to optimize the experiment’s shielding design. The most threatening background component, which cannot be actively rejected by particle identification, consists of keV-scale neutron-induced nuclear recoils. These initial fast neutrons are generated by the reactor core and surrounding experiments (reactogenics), and by the cosmic rays producing primary neutrons and muon-induced neutrons in the surrounding materials. In this paper, we present theRicochetneutron background characterization using$$^3$$ ${}^3$He proportional counters which exhibit a high sensitivity to thermal, epithermal and fast neutrons. We compare these measurements to theRicochetGeant4 simulations to validate our reactogenic and cosmogenic neutron background estimations. Eventually, we present our estimated neutron background for the futureRicochetexperiment and the resulting CENNS detection significance. Our results show that depending on the effectiveness of the muon veto, we expect a total nuclear recoil background rate between 44 ± 3 and 9 ± 2 events/day/kg in the CENNS region of interest, i.e. between 50 eV and 1 keV. We therefore found that theRicochetexperiment should reach a statistical significance of 4.6 to 13.6 $$\sigma $$ $\sigma$for the detection of CENNS after one reactor cycle, when only the limiting neutron background is considered. 

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2. Transition Edge Sensor Chip Design of a Modular CEvNs Detector for the Ricochet Experiment

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-022-02927-1  

   Chen, Ran; Pinckney, H. Douglas; Figueroa-Feliciano, Enectali; Hong, Ziqing; Schmidt, Benjamin (December 2022, Journal of Low Temperature Physics)

   Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS) offers a valuable approach in searching for physics beyond the Standard Model. The Ricochet experiment aims to perform a precision measurement of the CEνNS spectrum at the Institut Laue-Langevin nuclear reactor with cryogenic solid-state detectors. The experiment will employ an array of cryogenic thermal detectors, each with a mass of around 30 g and an energy threshold of 50 eV. One section of this array will contain 9 Transition Edge Sensor (TES)-based calorimeters. The design will not only fulfill requirements for Ricochet, but also act as a demonstrator for future neutrino experiments that will require thousands of macroscopic detectors. In this article, we present an updated TES chip design, as well as performance predictions based on a numerical modeling. 

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3. Phonon-mediated quantum efficiency measurement in semiconductors

   https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0203833  

   Baker, W; Mirabolfathi, N (May 2024, Applied Physics Letters)

   Accurate quantum efficiency measurement not only provides crucial information for the photovoltaic cell industry but also supports experiments aimed at directly detecting dark matter and elastic neutrino interactions. The dark matter direct searches paradigm has recently expanded to include particles with masses below 1,MeV/c2, where the expected signal in an electron–recoil interaction is approximately in the eV range, just above the energy gap for silicon and germanium. A robust calibration method for ionization signals in this lower energy region is essential. This paper presents a method for measuring quantum efficiency and yield (q/E) in semiconductors using phonon-mediated calorimetry. The Neganov–Trofimov–Luke phonon amplification method in low-temperature semiconductor crystals has been employed to indirectly measure ionization down to single-electron accuracy. Specifically, at zero bias, the phonon readout directly quantifies the total energy deposited within the detector, independent of the ionization yield. This eliminates a significant source of systematic uncertainty in quantum efficiency estimates associated with total energy uncertainty. The paper includes results from an updated ionization efficiency measurement in a germanium detector. 

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4. Observation of time-dependent internal charge amplification in a planar germanium detector at cryogenic temperature

   https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11432-y  

   Acharya, P.; Fritts, M.; Mei, D. -M.; Mandic, V.; Wang, C. -J.; Mahapatra, R.; Platt, M. (April 2023, The European Physical Journal C)

   Abstract For the first time, time-dependent internal charge amplification through impact ionization has been observed in a planar germanium (Ge) detector operated at cryogenic temperature. In a time period of 30 and 45 min after applying a bias voltage, the charge energy corresponding to a baseline of the 59.54 keV$$\gamma $$ $\gamma$rays from a$$^{241}$$ ${}^{241}$Am source is amplified for a short period of time and then decreases back to the baseline. The amplification of charge energy depends strongly on the applied positive bias voltage with drifting holes across the detector. No such phenomenon is visible with drifting electrons across the detector. We find that the observed charge amplification is dictated by the impact ionization of charged states, which has a strong correlation with impurity level and applied electric field. We analyze the dominant physics mechanisms that are responsible for the creation and the impact ionization of charged states. Our analysis suggests that the appropriate level of impurity in a Ge detector can enhance charge yield through the impact ionization of charged states to achieve extremely low-energy detection threshold (< 10 meV) for MeV-scale dark matter searches if the charge amplification can be stabilized. 

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5. Bayesian inference of high-purity germanium detector impurities based on capacitance measurements and machine-learning accelerated capacitance calculations

   https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11509-8  

   Abt, I.; Gooch, C.; Hagemann, F.; Hauertmann, L.; Liu, X.; Schulz, O.; Schuster, M. (May 2023, The European Physical Journal C)

   Abstract The impurity density in high-purity germanium detectors is crucial to understand and simulate such detectors. However, the information about the impurities provided by the manufacturer, based on Hall effect measurements, is typically limited to a few locations and comes with a large uncertainty. As the voltage dependence of the capacitance matrix of a detector strongly depends on the impurity density distribution, capacitance measurements can provide a path to improve the knowledge on the impurities. The novel method presented here uses a machine-learned surrogate model, trained on precise GPU-accelerated capacitance calculations, to perform full Bayesian inference of impurity distribution parameters from capacitance measurements. All steps use open-source Julia software packages. Capacitances are calculated with SolidStateDetectors.jl , machine learning is done with Flux.jl and Bayesian inference performed using BAT.jl . The capacitance matrix of a detector and its dependence on the impurity density is explained and a capacitance bias-voltage scan of an n -type true-coaxial test detector is presented. The study indicates that the impurity density of the test detector also has a radial dependence. 

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