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1. Davis Strait hydrographic mooring Level 2 data: temperature, salinity, and velocity measurements from the Davis Strait Observing System moorings, 2004 to 2022

   https://doi.org/10.18739/A2416T169  

   Lee, Craig (January 2024, NSF Arctic Data Center)

   The Davis Strait observing system was established in 2004 to advance understanding of the role of Arctic – sub-Arctic interactions in the climate system by collecting sustained measurements of physical, chemical and biological variability at one of the primary gateways that connect the Arctic and subpolar oceans. Efforts began as a collaboration between researchers at the University of Washington’s Applied Physics Laboratory and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Ocean’s Bedford Institute of Oceanography, but has grown to include researchers from the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Greenland Climate Institute, Danish Technological University, University of Alberta and University of Colorado, Boulder. The project is a component of the NSF Arctic Observing and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Networks, and the international Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Flux (ASOF) program, Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP), Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON), Arctic Monitoring Assessment Programme (AMAP) and OceanSITES system. A mooring array spanning the entire Davis Strait has been in place nearly continuously since September 2004 as part of the Davis Strait observing system, collecting year-round measurements of temperature, salinity and velocity extending to the sea surface/ice-ocean interface. The mooring typically included 14 moorings, 4 on each shelf and 6 in the center of the strait, that are recovered and data offloaded each autumn. Exact mooring location, instrumentation, and deployment duration varied slightly over time. This dataset consists of Level 2 data from the Davis Strait mooring array. Each file contains data from a single sensor (e.g., MicroCAT temperature and salinity measurements or ADCP velocity measurements) at one mooring site collected during a single deployment (typically one year long). Files also include quality control flags. More details about the project can be found at https://iop.apl.washington.edu/project.php?id=davis. 

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2. Arctic Ocean Freshwater in CMIP6 Ensembles: Declining Sea Ice, Increasing Ocean Storage and Export

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016930  

   Zanowski, Hannah; Jahn, Alexandra; Holland, Marika M. (April 2021, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans)

   Abstract The Arctic has undergone dramatic changes in sea ice cover and the hydrologic cycle, both of which strongly impact the freshwater storage in, and export from, the Arctic Ocean. Here we analyze Arctic freshwater storage and fluxes in seven climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) and assess their performance over the historical period (1980–2000) and in two future emissions scenarios, SSP1‐2.6 and SSP5‐8.5. Similar to CMIP5, substantial differences exist between the models' Arctic mean states and the magnitude of their 21st century storage and flux changes. In the historical simulation, most models disagree with observations over 1980–2000. In both future scenarios, the models show an increase in liquid freshwater storage and a reduction in solid storage and fluxes through the major Arctic gateways (Bering Strait, Fram Strait, Davis Strait, and the Barents Sea Opening) that is typically larger for SSP5‐8.5 than SSP1‐2.6. The liquid fluxes are driven by both volume and salinity changes, with models exhibiting a change in sign (relative to 1980–2000) of the freshwater flux through the Barents Sea Opening by mid‐century, little change in the Bering Strait flux, and increased export from the remaining straits by the end of the 21st century. In the straits west of Greenland (Nares, Barrow, and Davis straits), the models disagree on the behavior of the liquid freshwater export in the early‐to‐mid 21st century due to differences in the magnitude and timing of a simulated decrease in the volume flux. 

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3. A Review of Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Linkages: Past Changes, Mechanisms, and Future Projections

   https://doi.org/10.34133/olar.0013  

   Wang, Qiang; Shu, Qi; Wang, Shizhu; Beszczynska-Moeller, Agnieszka; Danilov, Sergey; Steur, Laura; Haine, Thomas W.; Karcher, Michael; Lee, Craig M.; Myers, Paul G.; et al (January 2023, Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Research)

   Arctic Ocean gateway fluxes play a crucial role in linking the Arctic with the global ocean and affecting climate and marine ecosystems. We reviewed past studies on Arctic–Subarctic ocean linkages and examined their changes and driving mechanisms. Our review highlights that radical changes occurred in the inflows and outflows of the Arctic Ocean during the 2010s. Specifically, the Pacific inflow temperature in the Bering Strait and Atlantic inflow temperature in the Fram Strait hit record highs, while the Pacific inflow salinity in the Bering Strait and Arctic outflow salinity in the Davis and Fram straits hit record lows. Both the ocean heat convergence from lower latitudes to the Arctic and the hydrological cycle connecting the Arctic with Subarctic seas were stronger in 2000–2020 than in 1980–2000. CMIP6 models project a continuing increase in poleward ocean heat convergence in the 21st century, mainly due to warming of inflow waters. They also predict an increase in freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean, with the largest increase in freshwater export expected to occur in the Fram Strait due to both increased ocean volume export and decreased salinity. Fram Strait sea ice volume export hit a record low in the 2010s and is projected to continue to decrease along with Arctic sea ice decline. We quantitatively attribute the variability of the volume, heat, and freshwater transports in the Arctic gateways to forcing within and outside the Arctic based on dedicated numerical simulations and emphasize the importance of both origins in driving the variability. 

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4. DataHawk2 Uncrewed Aircraft System data from the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) campaign, raw data

   https://doi.org/10.18739/A2Z31NQ11  

   Jozef, Gina; de Boer, Gijs; Cassano, John; Calmer, Radiance; Hamilton, Jonathan; Lawrence, Dale; Borenstein, Steve; Doddi, Abhiram; Schmale, Julia; Preußer, Andreas; et al (January 2022, NSF Arctic Data Center)

   This dataset includes unprocessed raw data from DataHawk2 fixed-wind uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) flights that were conducted in the central Arctic Ocean over sea ice during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition. Synchronized and quality controlled data are available in the Arctic Data Center at doi:10.18739/A22Z12Q8X for data provided at their native frequency logged on board the aircraft’s secure digital (SD) card (A1 level files), or at doi:10.18739/A2Z60C34R for data interpolated to a common 10 hertz (Hz) clock (B1 level files). Users are encouraged to primarily use the B1 level data for analysis. Please contact the authors if you plan to use this dataset. More information on data collection with the DataHawk2 can be found in de Boer, G. R. Calmer, G. Jozef, J. Cassano, J. Hamilton, D. Lawrence, S. Borenstein, A. Doddi, C. Cox, J. Schmale, A. Preußer and B. Argrow (2022): Observing the Central Arctic Atmosphere and Surface with University of Colorado Uncrewed Aircraft Systems, Nature Scientific Data, submitted. 

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5. Ice-Tethered Profiler Biogeochemical Time-Series Data, Arctic Ocean, 2012-2021

   https://doi.org/10.18739/A2B853K2R  

   DeGrandpre, Michael (January 2022, NSF Arctic Data Center)

   The goal of the proposed study is to establish an Arctic Observing Network (AON) for sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and pH in the perennially ice-covered portion of the Arctic Ocean. The carbon cycle is of particular concern in the Arctic because it is unknown how carbon sources and sinks will change in response to warming and the reduction of summer sea ice cover, and whether these changes will lead to increased greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere. Furthermore, the penetration of anthropogenic caron dioxide (CO2) into the Arctic Ocean is leading to acidification with potentially serious consequences for organisms. Little is known about pCO2 and the inorganic carbon cycle in the central Arctic Ocean because most measurement programs to date have focused on the Arctic shelves during the accessible summer period. The investigators propose to use an existing component of the Arctic Observing Network, the Ice-Tethered Profilers (ITP), as platforms for deployment of in situ pCO2 and pH sensors. ITPs are automated profiling systems distributed throughout the perennial Arctic ice pack that telemeter data back to shore: 44 ITPs have been deployed since 2004 and the project is currently slated to continue through 2013. In the proposed work, a total of 6 ITPs will be equipped with CO2 sensors and four of these will also have pH sensors. The sensors will be fixed on the ITP cable ~2-4 meters below the ice. Each unit will include additional sensors for dissolved O2, salinity, and photosynthetically available radiation (and in some cases chlorophyll-a fluorescence) and will be capable of making 12 measurements per day for at least one year. These data, available in near real-time on the ITP web site (www.whoi.edu/itp/), will lead to a better understanding of the Arctic Ocean's role in regulating greenhouse gases and how the ecology of the Arctic will change with warming and acidification. The investigators will also engage in outreach programs including public presentations, podcasts, and school visits. A portion of the budget is also dedicated to the development of a climate-change/ocean acidification exhibit to be displayed in the University of Montana's science museum. The exhibit will reside at the museum for three months, then visit over 15 rural and tribal communities annually over a three year period. Undergraduate students will be recruited to assist with the sensor testing and data analysis, gaining a higher level of technical knowledge than possible through a traditional degree program. These data were collected using in situ sensors for the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), temperature, salinity and depth. Sensors were deployed at ~6 meter depth on ice-tethered profilers, in collaboration with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Rick Krishfield and John Toole). Data are available at the website http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=20781. 

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