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Abstract Quantum sensors based on solid-state defects, in particular nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, enable precise measurement of magnetic fields, temperature, rotation, and electric fields. Cavity quantum electrodynamic (cQED) readout, in which an NV ensemble is hybridized with a microwave mode, can overcome limitations in optical spin detection and has resulted in leading magnetic sensitivities at the pT-level. This approach, however, remains far from the intrinsic spin-projection noise limit due to thermal Johnson-Nyquist noise and spin saturation effects. Here we tackle these challenges by combining recently demonstrated spin refrigeration techniques with comprehensive nonlinear modeling of the cQED sensor operation. We demonstrate that the optically-polarized NV ensemble simultaneously provides magnetic sensitivity and acts as a heat sink for the deleterious thermal microwave noise background, even when actively probed by a microwave field. Optimizing the NV-cQED system, we demonstrate a broadband sensitivity of 576 ± 6 fT/$$\sqrt{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}$$ around 15 kHz in ambient conditions. We then discuss the implications of this approach for the design of future magnetometers, including near-projection-limited devices approaching 3 fT/$$\sqrt{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}$$ sensitivity enabled by spin refrigeration.
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A 20 A bipolar current source with 140 μ A noise over 100 kHz bandwidth
The precise control of direct current (dc) magnetic fields is crucial in a wide range of experimental platforms, from ultracold quantum gases and nuclear magnetic resonance to precision measurements. In each of these cases, the Zeeman effect causes quantum states to shift in energy as a function of the magnetic field. The development of low-noise current sources is essential because electromagnets are the preferred tool to dynamically control the magnetic field. Here, we describe an ultra-low noise bipolar current source using pairs of complementary n- and p-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors controlled by zero-drift operational amplifiers. Our source has a 90 kHz inherent bandwidth and provides current from −20 to 20 A with noise (0.1 Hz to 100 kHz) of 140 µA at ±20 A.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2120757
- PAR ID:
- 10597469
- Publisher / Repository:
- American Institute of Physics
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- AIP Advances
- Volume:
- 13
- Issue:
- 6
- ISSN:
- 2158-3226
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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