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A method to predict sub-filter shear-induced velocities on a liquid-gas phase interface for use in a dual scale LES model is presented and compared against prior work on Vortex Sheet methods. The method reconstructs the sub-filter velocity field in the vicinity of the interface by employing a vortex sheet at the interface location. The vortex sheet is transported by an unsplit geometric volume and surface area advection scheme with a Piecewise Linear Interface Construction (PLIC) representation of the material interface. At each step, the vorticity field is constructed by evaluating a volume integral of the vortex sheet and a numerical spreading parameter near the liquid-gas interface. A Poisson equation can then be constructed and solved for the vector potential; the self-induced velocities due to the vortex sheet are subsequently evaluated from the vector potential. The described vortex sheet method is tested and compared against prior literature. 

A method to predict sub-filter shear-induced velocities on a liquid-gas phase interface for use in a dual scale LES model is presented. The method reconstructs the sub-filter velocity field in the vicinity of the interface by introducing a vortex sheet at the interface. The vortex sheet is transported by an unsplit geometric volume and surface area advection scheme with a Piece- wise Linear Interface Construction (PLIC) representation of the material interface. At each step and desired location the shear-induced velocities can be calculated by integrating the vortex sheet and other relevant quantities over the liquid-gas surface with the sub-grid velocity recon- struction limited to a small number of cells near the phase interface. The vortex sheet method is tested and compared against prior literature. 

A method to predict sub-filter shear-induced velocities on a liquid-gas phase interface for use in a dual scale LES model is presented. The method reconstructs the sub-filter velocity field in the vicinity of the interface by introducing a vortex sheet at the interface. The vortex sheet is transported by an unsplit geometric volume and surface area advection scheme with a Piecewise Linear Interface Construction (PLIC) representation of the material interface. At each step and desired location the shear-induced velocities can be calculated by integrating the vortex sheet and other relevant quantities over the liquid-gas interface with the sub-grid velocity reconstruction limited to a small number of cells near the phase interface. The vortex sheet method is tested and compared against prior literature. 

A method to compute sub-filter velocities due to shear induced instabilities on a liquid-gas interface for use in a dual scale LES-DNS model is presented. The method reconstructs the sub-filter velocity field as the sum of a prescribed base velocity profile and a perturbation velocity field determined by the Orr-Sommerfeld equations. The base velocity profile is approximated as an error function appropriately scaled with flow parameters, and the perturbation velocity field is computed by solving the Orr-Sommerfeld equations with appropriate boundary and interface conditions. The perturbation velocities of the Orr-Sommerfeld equations are expanded into Chebyshev polynomials to create a linear eigenvalue problem as outlined by Schmid and Henningson (2001). Finally the eigenvalue problem is solved using a standard linear algebra package and used to evaluate the perturbation velocities. The Chebyshev method is tested under a variety of flow parameters and initial interface disturbances. Results are presented and compared against prior literature and asymptotic solutions. 

Abstract Salient aspects of the commissioning, calibration, and performance of the CMS silicon strip tracker are discussed, drawing on experience during operation with proton-proton collisions delivered by the CERN LHC. The data were obtained with a variety of luminosities. The operating temperature of the strip tracker was changed several times during this period and results are shown as a function of temperature in several cases. Details of the system performance are presented, including occupancy, signal-to-noise ratio, Lorentz angle, and single-hit spatial resolution. Saturation effects in the APV25 readout chip preamplifier observed during early Run 2 are presented, showing the effect on various observables and the subsequent remedy. Studies of radiation effects on the strip tracker are presented both for the optical readout links and the silicon sensors. The observed effects are compared to simulation, where available, and they generally agree well with expectations. 

Abstract A search for leptoquark pair production decaying into$$te^- \bar{t}e^+$$ $t{e}^{-}\overline{t}{e}^{+}$or$$t\mu ^- \bar{t}\mu ^+$$ $t{\mu }^{-}\overline{t}{\mu }^{+}$in final states with multiple leptons is presented. The search is based on a dataset ofppcollisions at$$\sqrt{s}=13~\text {TeV} $$ $\sqrt{s}=13\text{TeV}$recorded with the ATLAS detector during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb$$^{-1}$$ $_{}^{-1}$. Four signal regions, with the requirement of at least three light leptons (electron or muon) and at least two jets out of which at least one jet is identified as coming from ab-hadron, are considered based on the number of leptons of a given flavour. The main background processes are estimated using dedicated control regions in a simultaneous fit with the signal regions to data. No excess above the Standard Model background prediction is observed and 95% confidence level limits on the production cross section times branching ratio are derived as a function of the leptoquark mass. Under the assumption of exclusive decays into$$te^{-}$$ $t{e}^{-}$($$t\mu ^{-}$$ $t{\mu }^{-}$), the corresponding lower limit on the scalar mixed-generation leptoquark mass$$m_{\textrm{LQ}_{\textrm{mix}}^{\textrm{d}}}$$ $m_{{\text{LQ}}_{\text{mix}}^{\text{d}}}$is at 1.58 (1.59) TeV and on the vector leptoquark mass$$m_{{\tilde{U}}_1}$$ $m_{{\tilde{U}}_1}$at 1.67 (1.67) TeV in the minimal coupling scenario and at 1.95 (1.95) TeV in the Yang–Mills scenario. 

Abstract The Large Hadron Collider at CERN will undergo an upgrade in order to increase its luminosity to 7.5 × 10³⁴cm^-2s^-1. The increased luminosity during this High-Luminosity running phase, starting around 2029, means a higher rate of proton-proton interactions, hence a larger ionizing dose and particle fluence for the detectors. The current tracking system of the CMS experiment will be fully replaced in order to cope with the new operating conditions. Prototype planar pixel sensors for the CMS Inner Tracker with square 50 μm × 50 μm and rectangular 100 μm × 25 μm pixels read out by the RD53A chip were characterized in the lab and at the DESY-II testbeam facility in order to identify designs that meet the requirements of CMS during the High-Luminosity running phase. A spatial resolution of approximately 3.4 μm (2 μm) is obtained using the modules with 50 μm × 50 μm (100 μm × 25 μm) pixels at the optimal angle of incidence before irradiation. After irradiation to a 1 MeV neutron equivalent fluence of Φ_eq = 5.3 × 10¹⁵ cm^-2, a resolution of 9.4 μm is achieved at a bias voltage of 800 V using a module with 50 μm × 50 μm pixel size. All modules retain a hit efficiency in excess of 99% after irradiation to fluences up to 2.1 × 10¹⁶ cm^-2. Further studies of the electrical properties of the modules, especially crosstalk, are also presented in this paper. 

A search for high-mass resonances decaying into a $\tau$-lepton and a neutrino using proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13\mathrm{TeV}$is presented. The full run 2 data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $139{\mathrm{fb}}^{-1}$recorded by the ATLAS experiment in the years 2015–2018 is analyzed. The $\tau$-lepton is reconstructed in its hadronic decay modes and the total transverse momentum carried out by neutrinos is inferred from the reconstructed missing transverse momentum. The search for new physics is performed on the transverse mass between the $\tau$-lepton and the missing transverse momentum. No excess of events above the Standard Model expectation is observed and upper exclusion limits are set on the $W^{\prime }\to \tau \nu$production cross section. Heavy $W^{\prime }$vector bosons with masses up to 5.0 TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level, assuming that they have the same couplings as the Standard Model $W$boson. For nonuniversal couplings, $W^{\prime }$bosons are excluded for masses less than 3.5–5.0 TeV, depending on the model parameters. In addition, model-independent limits on the visible cross section times branching ratio are determined as a function of the lower threshold on the transverse mass of the $\tau$-lepton and missing transverse momentum. © 2024 CERN, for the ATLAS Collaboration2024CERN 

Abstract The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will undergo major upgrades to increase the instantaneous luminosity up to 5–7.5×10 34 cm -2 s -1 . This High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) will deliver a total of 3000–4000 fb -1 of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13–14 TeV. To cope with these challenging environmental conditions, the strip tracker of the CMS experiment will be upgraded using modules with two closely-spaced silicon sensors to provide information to include tracking in the Level-1 trigger selection. This paper describes the performance, in a test beam experiment, of the first prototype module based on the final version of the CMS Binary Chip front-end ASIC before and after the module was irradiated with neutrons. Results demonstrate that the prototype module satisfies the requirements, providing efficient tracking information, after being irradiated with a total fluence comparable to the one expected through the lifetime of the experiment.