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1. Spectrum Misuse Detection in Cooperative Wireless Networks

   https://doi.org/10.1109/CCNC46108.2020.9045655  

   Das, Debarun ; Rose, J.Stepanie ; Znati, Taieb ; Bustamante, Pedro ; Weiss, Martin ; Gomez, Marcela M. ( January 2020 , GLOBECOM 2020 - 2020 IEEE Global Communications Conference)

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   The success of dynamic spectrum sharing in wireless networks depends on reliable automated enforcement of spectrum access policies. In this paper, a crowdsourced approach is used to select volunteers to detect spectrum misuse. Volunteer selection is based on multiple criteria, including their reputation, likelihood of being in a region and ability to effectively detect channel misuse. We formulate the volunteer selection problem as a stable matching problem, whereby, volunteers' monitoring preferences are matched to channels' attributes. Given a set of volunteers, the objective is to ensure maximum coverage of the spectrum enforcement area and accurate detection of spectrum access violation of all channels in the area. The two matching algorithms, Volunteer Matching (VM) and Reverse Volunteer Matching (RVM) are based on variants of the Gale-Shapley algorithm for stable matching. We also propose two Hybrid algorithms, HYBRID-VM and HYBRID-RVM that augment the matching algorithms with a Secretary-based algorithm to overcome the shortcomings of the individual vanilla algorithms. Simulation results show that volunteer selection by using HYBRID-VM gives better coverage of region (better by 19.2% when compared to threshold-based Secretary algorithm), better accuracy of detection and better volunteer happiness when compared to the other algorithms that are tested. 

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2. Matchmaking of Volunteers and Channels for Dynamic Spectrum Access Enforcement

   https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOBECOM42002.2020.9322635  

   Das, Debarun ; Znati, Taieb ; Weiss, Martin B.H. ; Gomez, Marcela M. ; Bustamante, Pedro ; Rose, J. Stephanie ( December 2020 , 2020 IEEE 17th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC))

   null (Ed.)

   Cooperative wireless networks, enabled by Cognitive Radios, facilitate mobile users to dynamically share access to spectrum. However, spectrum bands can be accessed illegitimately by malicious users. Therefore, the success of dynamic spectrum sharing relies on automated enforcement of spectrum policies. While the focus has been on ex ante spectrum enforcement, this work explores new approaches to address efficient ex post spectrum enforcement. The main objective of this work is to ensure maximum coverage of the area of enforcement and accurate detection of spectrum access violation. The first objective is achieved with the help of Lloyd's algorithm to divide the enforcement area into a set of uniformly sized coverage regions. The interference detection accuracy is achieved through crowdsourcing of the spectrum access monitoring to volunteers, based on their computational capabilities, location attributes and reputation. A simulation framework was developed in CSIM19 (C++ version) to analyze the performance of the proposed system over the entire area of enforcement. The results show that the proposed scheme ensures efficient coverage of all the channels and regions in the area of enforcement and a high average accuracy of detection. 

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3. Toward Automated Enforcement of Radio Interference

   https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3749751  

   Bustamante, Pedro ; Das, Debarun ; Rose, J Stephanie ; Gomez, Marcela ; Weiss, Martin B. ; Park, Jung-Min ; Znati, Taieb ( December 2020 , SSRN Electronic Journal)

   In many countries, sharing has become a significant approach to problems of spectrum allocation and assignment. As this approach moves from concept to reality, it is reasonable to expect an increase in interference or usage conflict events between sharing parties. Scholars such as Coase, Demsetz, Stigler, and others have argued that appropriate enforcement is critical to successful contracts (such as spectrum sharing agreements) and Polinsky, Shavell, and others have analyzed enforcement mechanisms in general. While many ex-ante measures may be used, reducing the social costs of ex-ante enforcement means shifting the balance more toward ex-post measures. Ex post enforcement requires detection, data collection, and adjudication methods. At present, these methods are ad hoc (operating in a decentralized way between parties) or fairly costly (e.g., relying on the FCC Enforcement Bureau). The research presented in this paper is the culmination of an NSF-funded inquiry into how and what enforcement functions can be automated. 

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4. Toward Automated Enforcement of Radio Interference

   Bustamante, Pedro ; Das, Debarun ; Rose, J. Stephanie ; Gomez, Marcela ; Weiss, Martin B.H. ; Park, Jung-Min ; Znati, Taieb ( February 2021 , Telecommunications Policy Research Conference)

   null (Ed.)

   n many countries, sharing has become a significant approach to problems of spectrum allocation and assignment. As this approach moves from concept to reality, it is reasonable to expect an increase in interference or usage conflict events between sharing parties. Scholars such as Coase, Demsetz, Stigler, and others have argued that appropriate enforcement is critical to successful contracts (such as spectrum sharing agreements) and Polinsky, Shavell, and others have analyzed enforcement mechanisms in general. While many ex-ante measures may be used, reducing the social costs of ex-ante enforcement means shifting the balance more toward ex-post measures. Ex post enforcement requires detection, data collection, and adjudication methods. At present, these methods are ad hoc (operating in a decentralized way between parties) or fairly costly (e.g., relying on the FCC Enforcement Bureau). The research presented in this paper is the culmination of an NSF-funded inquiry into how and what enforcement functions can be automated. 

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5. Agent-Based Modelling Approach for Developing Enforcement Mechanisms in Spectrum Sharing Scenarios: An application for the 1695-1710MHz band

   Bustamante, Pedro ; Gomez, Marcela M ; Weiss, Martin BH ; Znati, Taieb ; Park, Jun-Min ; Das, Debarun ; Rose, J Stephanie. ( January 2018 , Telecommunications Policy Research Conference)

   As radio spectrum sharing matures, one of the main challenges becomes finding adequate governance systems and the appropriate enforcement mechanisms. Historically, these processes were assigned to a central entity (in most cases a governmental agency). Nevertheless, the literature of Common Pool Resources (CPRs) shows that other governance mechanisms are possible, which include collaboration with a private, thirdparty regulator or the complete absence of central institutions, as in self-enforcement solutions. These alternatives have been developed around well-known CPRs such as fisheries, forests, etc. As argued by Weiss et al [50], and other researchers, spectrum can indeed be considered to be a CPR. In this work we study the two extremes of governance systems that could be applied to spectrum sharing scenarios. Initially, we study the classical centralized scheme of command and control, where governmental institutions are in charge of rule-definition and enforcement. Subsequently, we explore a government-less environment, i.e., a distributed enforcement approach. In this anarchy situation (i.e., lack of a formal government intervention as defined by Leeson [29]), rules and enforcement mechanisms are solely the product of repeated interactions among the intervening agents. For our analysis, we have selected the spectrum sharing framework of the 1695-1710MHz band. We also use the definitions presented by Bhattarai et al. [9], [10] as well as Altamimi [3] for managing the size of the coordination and exclusion zones. In addition, we utilize Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) to analyze the applicability of these governance mechanisms. ABM simulation allows us to explore how macro phenomena can emerge from micro-level interactions of independent agents. 

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