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1. Adaptive Circuit Learning for Quantum Metrology

   https://doi.org/10.1109/QCE52317.2021.00063  

   Ma, Ziqi ; Gokhale, Pranav ; Zheng, Tian-Xing ; Zhou, Sisi ; Yu, Xiaofei ; Jiang, Liang ; Maurer, Peter ; Chong, Frederic T. ( October 2021 , 2021 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE))

   As the popularity of quantum computing continues to grow, efficient quantum machine access over the cloud is critical to both academic and industry researchers across the globe. And as cloud quantum computing demands increase exponentially, the analysis of resource consumption and execution characteristics are key to efficient management of jobs and resources at both the vendor-end as well as the client-end. While the analysis and optimization of job / resource consumption and management are popular in the classical HPC domain, it is severely lacking for more nascent technology like quantum computing.This paper proposes optimized adaptive job scheduling to the quantum cloud taking note of primary characteristics such as queuing times and fidelity trends across machines, as well as other characteristics such as quality of service guarantees and machine calibration constraints. Key components of the proposal include a) a prediction model which predicts fidelity trends across machine based on compiled circuit features such as circuit depth and different forms of errors, as well as b) queuing time prediction for each machine based on execution time estimations.Overall, this proposal is evaluated on simulated IBM machines across a diverse set of quantum applications and system loading scenarios, and is able to reduce wait times by over 3x and improve fidelity by over 40% on specific usecases, when compared to traditional job schedulers. 

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2. Adaptive job and resource management for the growing quantum cloud

   https://doi.org/10.1109/QCE52317.2021.00047  

   Ravi, Gokul Subramanian ; Smith, Kaitlin N. ; Murali, Prakash ; Chong, Frederic T. ( October 2021 , 2021 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE))

   As the popularity of quantum computing continues to grow, efficient quantum machine access over the cloud is critical to both academic and industry researchers across the globe. And as cloud quantum computing demands increase exponentially, the analysis of resource consumption and execution characteristics are key to efficient management of jobs and resources at both the vendor-end as well as the client-end. While the analysis and optimization of job / resource consumption and management are popular in the classical HPC domain, it is severely lacking for more nascent technology like quantum computing.This paper proposes optimized adaptive job scheduling to the quantum cloud taking note of primary characteristics such as queuing times and fidelity trends across machines, as well as other characteristics such as quality of service guarantees and machine calibration constraints. Key components of the proposal include a) a prediction model which predicts fidelity trends across machine based on compiled circuit features such as circuit depth and different forms of errors, as well as b) queuing time prediction for each machine based on execution time estimations.Overall, this proposal is evaluated on simulated IBM machines across a diverse set of quantum applications and system loading scenarios, and is able to reduce wait times by over 3x and improve fidelity by over 40% on specific usecases, when compared to traditional job schedulers. 

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3. Reducing Faulty Jobs by Job Submission Verifier in Grid Engine

   https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/3332186.3338408  

   Ahmadian, M. ; Rees, E. ; Zhuang, Y. ; Chen, Y. ( January 2019 , ACM Practice and Experience in Advanced Research Computing (PEARC'19))

   Grid Engine is a Distributed Resource Manager (DRM), that manages the resources of distributed systems (such as Grid, HPC, or Cloud systems) and executes designated jobs which have requested to occupy or consume those resources. Grid Engine applies scheduling policies to allocate resources for jobs while simultaneously attempting to maintain optimal utilization of all machines in the distributed system. However, due to the complexity of Grid Engine's job submission commands and complicated resource management policies, the number of faulty job submissions in data centers increases with the number of jobs being submitted. To combat the increase in faulty jobs, Grid Engine allows administrators to design and implement Job Submission Verifiers (JSV) to verify jobs before they enter into Grid Engine. In this paper, we will discuss a Job Submission Verifier that was designed and implemented for Univa Grid Engine, a commercial version of Grid Engine, and thoroughly evaluated at the High Performance Computing Center of Texas Tech University. Our newly developed JSV communicates with Univa Grid Engine (UGE) components to verify whether a submitted job should be accepted as is, or modified then accepted, or rejected due to improper requests for resources. It had a substantial positive impact on reducing the number of faulty jobs submitted to UGE by far. For instance, it corrected 28.6% of job submissions and rejected 0.3% of total jobs from September 2018 to February 2019, that may otherwise lead to long or infinite waiting time in the job queue. 

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4. Autoscaling High-Throughput Workloads on Container Orchestrators

   https://doi.org/10.1109/CLUSTER49012.2020.00024  

   Zheng, Chao ; Kremer-Herman, Nathaniel ; Shaffer, Tim ; Thain, Douglas ( September 2020 , IEEE Conference on Cluster Computing)

   null (Ed.)

   High-throughput computing (HTC) workloads seek to complete as many jobs as possible over a long period of time. Such workloads require efficient execution of many parallel jobs and can occupy a large number of resources for a longtime. As a result, full utilization is the normal state of an HTC facility. The widespread use of container orchestrators eases the deployment of HTC frameworks across different platforms,which also provides an opportunity to scale up HTC workloads with almost infinite resources on the public cloud. However, the autoscaling mechanisms of container orchestrators are primarily designed to support latency-sensitive microservices, and result in unexpected behavior when presented with HTC workloads. In this paper, we design a feedback autoscaler, High Throughput Autoscaler (HTA), that leverages the unique characteristics ofthe HTC workload to autoscales the resource pools used by HTC workloads on container orchestrators. HTA takes into account a reference input, the real-time status of the jobs’ queue, as well as two feedback inputs, resource consumption of jobs, and the resource initialization time of the container orchestrator. We implement HTA using the Makeflow workload manager, WorkQueue job scheduler, and the Kubernetes cluster manager. We evaluate its performance on both CPU-bound and IO-bound workloads. The evaluation results show that, by using HTA, we improve resource utilization by 5.6×with a slight increase in execution time (about 15%) for a CPU-bound workload, and shorten the workload execution time by up to 3.65×for an IO-bound workload. 

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5. Expanding an HPC Cluster to Support the Computational Demands of Digital Pathology

   https://doi.org/10.1109/SPMB.2018.8615614  

   Campbell, C. ; Mecca, N. ; Duong, T. ; Obeid, I. ; Picone, J. ( December 2018 , IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium (SPMB))

   Obeid, Iyad ; Selesnick, Ivan ; Picone, Joseph (Ed.)

   The goal of this work was to design a low-cost computing facility that can support the development of an open source digital pathology corpus containing 1M images [1]. A single image from a clinical-grade digital pathology scanner can range in size from hundreds of megabytes to five gigabytes. A 1M image database requires over a petabyte (PB) of disk space. To do meaningful work in this problem space requires a significant allocation of computing resources. The improvements and expansions to our HPC (highperformance computing) cluster, known as Neuronix [2], required to support working with digital pathology fall into two broad categories: computation and storage. To handle the increased computational burden and increase job throughput, we are using Slurm [3] as our scheduler and resource manager. For storage, we have designed and implemented a multi-layer filesystem architecture to distribute a filesystem across multiple machines. These enhancements, which are entirely based on open source software, have extended the capabilities of our cluster and increased its cost-effectiveness. Slurm has numerous features that allow it to generalize to a number of different scenarios. Among the most notable is its support for GPU (graphics processing unit) scheduling. GPUs can offer a tremendous performance increase in machine learning applications [4] and Slurm’s built-in mechanisms for handling them was a key factor in making this choice. Slurm has a general resource (GRES) mechanism that can be used to configure and enable support for resources beyond the ones provided by the traditional HPC scheduler (e.g. memory, wall-clock time), and GPUs are among the GRES types that can be supported by Slurm [5]. In addition to being able to track resources, Slurm does strict enforcement of resource allocation. This becomes very important as the computational demands of the jobs increase, so that they have all the resources they need, and that they don’t take resources from other jobs. It is a common practice among GPU-enabled frameworks to query the CUDA runtime library/drivers and iterate over the list of GPUs, attempting to establish a context on all of them. Slurm is able to affect the hardware discovery process of these jobs, which enables a number of these jobs to run alongside each other, even if the GPUs are in exclusive-process mode. To store large quantities of digital pathology slides, we developed a robust, extensible distributed storage solution. We utilized a number of open source tools to create a single filesystem, which can be mounted by any machine on the network. At the lowest layer of abstraction are the hard drives, which were split into 4 60-disk chassis, using 8TB drives. To support these disks, we have two server units, each equipped with Intel Xeon CPUs and 128GB of RAM. At the filesystem level, we have implemented a multi-layer solution that: (1) connects the disks together into a single filesystem/mountpoint using the ZFS (Zettabyte File System) [6], and (2) connects filesystems on multiple machines together to form a single mountpoint using Gluster [7]. ZFS, initially developed by Sun Microsystems, provides disk-level awareness and a filesystem which takes advantage of that awareness to provide fault tolerance. At the filesystem level, ZFS protects against data corruption and the infamous RAID write-hole bug by implementing a journaling scheme (the ZFS intent log, or ZIL) and copy-on-write functionality. Each machine (1 controller + 2 disk chassis) has its own separate ZFS filesystem. Gluster, essentially a meta-filesystem, takes each of these, and provides the means to connect them together over the network and using distributed (similar to RAID 0 but without striping individual files), and mirrored (similar to RAID 1) configurations [8]. By implementing these improvements, it has been possible to expand the storage and computational power of the Neuronix cluster arbitrarily to support the most computationally-intensive endeavors by scaling horizontally. We have greatly improved the scalability of the cluster while maintaining its excellent price/performance ratio [1]. 

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