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1. A Machine Learning Approach for Detecting and Classifying Jamming Attacks Against OFDM-based UAVs

   https://doi.org/10.1145/3468218.3469049  

   Pawlak, Jered ; Li, Yuchen ; Price, Joshua ; Wright, Matthew ; Al Shamaileh, Khair ; Niyaz, Quamar ; Devabhaktuni, Vijay ( June 2021 , Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Workshop on Wireless Security and Machine Learning)

   null (Ed.)

   In this paper, a machine learning (ML) approach is proposed to detect and classify jamming attacks on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Four attack types are implemented using software-defined radio (SDR); namely, barrage, single-tone, successive-pulse, and protocol-aware jamming. Each type is launched against a drone that uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication to qualitatively analyze its impacts considering jamming range, complexity, and severity. Then, an SDR is utilized in proximity to the drone and in systematic testing scenarios to record the radiometric parameters before and after each attack is launched. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), energy threshold, and several OFDM parameters are exploited as features and fed to six ML algorithms to explore and enable autonomous jamming detection/classification. The algorithms are quantitatively evaluated with metrics including detection and false alarm rates to evaluate the received signals and facilitate efficient decision-making for improved reception integrity and reliability. The resulting ML approach detects and classifies jamming with an accuracy of 92.2% and a false-alarm rate of 1.35%. 

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2. Mitigating RF Jamming Attacks at the Physical Layer with Machine Learning Dataset

   https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6304194  

   Jacovic, Marko ; Rivas, Xaime Rey ( January 2022 , Zenodo)

   Data files were used in support of the research paper titled “Mitigating RF Jamming Attacks at the Physical Layer with Machine Learning" which has been submitted to the IET Communications journal.

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   All data was collected using the SDR implementation shown here: https://github.com/mainland/dragonradio/tree/iet-paper. Particularly for antenna state selection, the files developed for this paper are located in 'dragonradio/scripts/:'

   • 'ModeSelect.py': class used to defined the antenna state selection algorithm
   • 'standalone-radio.py': SDR implementation for normal radio operation with reconfigurable antenna
   • 'standalone-radio-tuning.py': SDR implementation for hyperparameter tunning
   • 'standalone-radio-onmi.py': SDR implementation for omnidirectional mode only

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   Authors: Marko Jacovic, Xaime Rivas Rey, Geoffrey Mainland, Kapil R. Dandekar
   Contact: krd26@drexel.edu

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   Top-level directories and content will be described below. Detailed descriptions of experiments performed are provided in the paper.

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   classifier_training: files used for training classifiers that are integrated into SDR platform

   • 'logs-8-18' directory contains OTA SDR collected log files for each jammer type and under normal operation (including congested and weaklink states)
   • 'classTrain.py' is the main parser for training the classifiers
   • 'trainedClassifiers' contains the output classifiers generated by 'classTrain.py'

   post_processing_classifier: contains logs of online classifier outputs and processing script

   • 'class' directory contains .csv logs of each RTE and OTA experiment for each jamming and operation scenario
   • 'classProcess.py' parses the log files and provides classification report and confusion matrix for each multi-class and binary classifiers for each observed scenario - found in 'results->classifier_performance'

   post_processing_mgen: contains MGEN receiver logs and parser

   • 'configs' contains JSON files to be used with parser for each experiment
   • 'mgenLogs' contains MGEN receiver logs for each OTA and RTE experiment described. Within each experiment logs are separated by 'mit' for mitigation used, 'nj' for no jammer, and 'noMit' for no mitigation technique used. File names take the form *_cj_* for constant jammer, *_pj_* for periodic jammer, *_rj_* for reactive jammer, and *_nj_* for no jammer. Performance figures are found in 'results->mitigation_performance'

   ray_tracing_emulation: contains files related to Drexel area, Art Museum, and UAV Drexel area validation RTE studies.

   • Directory contains detailed 'readme.txt' for understanding.
   • Please note: the processing files and data logs present in 'validation' folder were developed by Wolfe et al. and should be cited as such, unless explicitly stated differently. 
     • S. Wolfe, S. Begashaw, Y. Liu and K. R. Dandekar, "Adaptive Link Optimization for 802.11 UAV Uplink Using a Reconfigurable Antenna," MILCOM 2018 - 2018 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), 2018, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/MILCOM.2018.8599696.

   results: contains results obtained from study

   • 'classifier_performance' contains .txt files summarizing binary and multi-class performance of online SDR system. Files obtained using 'post_processing_classifier.'
   • 'mitigation_performance' contains figures generated by 'post_processing_mgen.'
   • 'validation' contains RTE and OTA performance comparison obtained by 'ray_tracing_emulation->validation->matlab->outdoor_hover_plots.m'

   tuning_parameter_study: contains the OTA log files for antenna state selection hyperparameter study

   • 'dataCollect' contains a folder for each jammer considered in the study, and inside each folder there is a CSV file corresponding to a different configuration of the learning parameters of the reconfigurable antenna. The configuration selected was the one that performed the best across all these experiments and is described in the paper.
   • 'data_summary.txt'this file contains the summaries from all the CSV files for convenience.

    

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3. Covert Millimeter-Wave Communication via a Dual-Beam Transmitter

   https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9013359  

   Jamali, Mohammad Vahid ; Mahdavifar, Hessam ( December 2019 , 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM))

   In this paper, we investigate covert communication over millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies. In particular, a dual-beam mmWave transmitter, comprised of two independent antenna arrays, attempts to reliably communicate to a receiver Bob when hiding the existence of transmission from a warden Willie. In this regard, operating over mmWave bands not only increases the covertness thanks to directional beams, but also increases the transmission data rates given much more available bandwidths and enables ultra-low form factor transceivers due to the lower wavelengths used compared to the conventional radio frequency (RF) counterpart. We assume that the transmitter Alice employs one of its antenna arrays to form a directive beam for transmission to Bob. The other antenna array is used by Alice to generate another beam toward Willie as a jamming signal with its transmit power changing independently from a transmission block to another block. We characterize Willie's detection performance with the optimal detector and the closed-form of its expected value from Alice's perspective. We further derive the closed-form expression for the outage probability of the Alice-Bob link, which enables characterizing the optimal covert rate that can be achieved using the proposed setup. Our results demonstrate the superiority of mmWave covert communication, in terms of covertness and rate, compared to the RF counterpart. 

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4. A Full-Duplex Radio Using a CMOS Non-Magnetic Circulator Achieving +95 dB Overall SIC

   https://doi.org/10.1109/USNC-URSI.2019.8861766  

   Nagulu, Aravind ; Chen, Tingjun ; Zussman, Gil ; Krishnaswamy, Harish ( July 2019 , in Proc. IEEE APS-URSI’19, July 2019.)

   Full-duplex (FD) wireless is an emerging wireless communication paradigm where the transmitter and the receiver operate simultaneously at the same frequency. One major challenge in realizing FD wireless is the interference of the TX signal saturating the receiver, commonly referred to self-interference (SI). Traditionally, self-interference cancellation (SIC) is achieved in the antenna, RF/analog, and digital domains. In the antenna domain, SIC can be achieved using a pair of separate TX and RX antennas, or using a single antenna shared by the TX and RX through a magnetic circulator, which is usually bulky, expensive, and not integrable with CMOS. Recent advances, however, have shown the feasibility of realizing high-performance non-reciprocal circulators in CMOS based on spatio-temporal modulation. In this work, we demonstrate a high power handling FD radio using a USRP SDR which employs SIC (i) at the antenna interface using a watt-level power-handling CMOS integrated, magnetic-free circulator, (ii) in the RF domain using a compact RF canceler, and (iii) in the digital domain. Our prototyped FD radio achieves +95 dB overall SIC at +15dBm TX power level. We analyze the effects of the circulator TX-RX non-linearity on the total achievable SIC 

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5. A Full-Duplex Radio Using a CMOS Non-Magnetic Circulator Achieving +95 dB Overall SIC

   Aravind Nagulu, Tingjun Chen ( January 2019 , URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium)

   Full-duplex (FD) wireless is an emerging wireless communication paradigm where the transmitter and the receiver operate simultaneously at the same frequency. One major challenge in realizing FD wireless is the interference of the TX signal saturating the receiver, commonly referred to self-interference (SI). Traditionally, self-interference cancellation (SIC) is achieved in the antenna, RF/analog, and digital domains. In the antenna domain, SIC can be achieved using a pair of separate TX and RX antennas, or using a single antenna shared by the TX and RX through a magnetic circulator, which is usually bulky, expensive, and not integrable with CMOS. Recent advances, however, have shown the feasibility of realizing high-performance non-reciprocal circulators in CMOS based on spatio-temporal modulation. In this work, we demonstrate a high power handling FD radio using a USRP SDR which employs SIC (i) at the antenna interface using a watt-level power-handling CMOS integrated, magnetic-free circulator, (ii) in the RF domain using a compact RF canceler, and (iii) in the digital domain. Our prototyped FD radio achieves +95 dB overall SIC at +15dBm TX power level. We analyze the effects of the circulator TX-RX non-linearity on the total achievable SIC. 

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