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1. Adjusting Transparency Toward Optimizing Face Appearance in Optical See-Through Augmented Reality

   https://doi.org/10.2352/J.Percept.Imaging.2024.7.000404  

   Herbeck, Sofie R; Murdoch, Michael J; Thorstenson, Christopher A (October 2024, Journal of Perceptual Imaging)

   Rogowitz, Bernice E; Pappas, Thrasyvoulos N (Ed.)

   Augmented reality (AR) combines elements of the real world with additional virtual content, creating a blended viewing environment. Optical see-through AR (OST-AR) accomplishes this by using a transparent beam splitter to overlay virtual elements over a user’s view of the real world. However, the inherent see-through nature of OST-AR carries challenges for color appearance, especially around the appearance of darker and less chromatic objects. When displaying human faces—a promising application of AR technology—these challenges disproportionately affect darker skin tones, making them appear more transparent than lighter skin tones. Still, some transparency in the rendered object may not be entirely negative; people’s evaluations of transparency when interacting with other humans in AR-mediated modalities are not yet fully understood. In this work, two psychophysical experiments were conducted to assess how people evaluate OST-AR transparency across several characteristics including different skin tones, object types, lighting conditions, and display types. The results provide a scale of perceived transparency allowing comparisons to transparency for conventional emissive displays. The results also demonstrate how AR transparency impacts perceptions of object preference and fit within the environment. These results reveal several areas with need for further attention, particularly regarding darker skin tones, lighter ambient lighting, and displaying human faces more generally. This work may be useful in guiding the development of OST-AR technology, and emphasizes the importance of AR design goals, perception of human faces, and optimizing visual appearance in extended reality systems. 

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2. An Extended Analysis on the Benefits of Dark Mode User Interfaces in Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Displays

   https://doi.org/10.1145/3456874  

   Erickson, Austin; Kim, Kangsoo; Lambert, Alexis; Bruder, Gerd; Browne, Michael P.; Welch, Gregory F. (May 2021, ACM Transactions on Applied Perception)

   null (Ed.)

   Light-on-dark color schemes, so-called “Dark Mode,” are becoming more and more popular over a wide range of display technologies and application fields. Many people who have to look at computer screens for hours at a time, such as computer programmers and computer graphics artists, indicate a preference for switching colors on a computer screen from dark text on a light background to light text on a dark background due to perceived advantages related to visual comfort and acuity, specifically when working in low-light environments. In this article, we investigate the effects of dark mode color schemes in the field of optical see-through head-mounted displays (OST-HMDs), where the characteristic “additive” light model implies that bright graphics are visible but dark graphics are transparent . We describe two human-subject studies in which we evaluated a normal and inverted color mode in front of different physical backgrounds and different lighting conditions. Our results indicate that dark mode graphics displayed on the HoloLens have significant benefits for visual acuity and usability, while user preferences depend largely on the lighting in the physical environment. We discuss the implications of these effects on user interfaces and applications. 

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3. Attitudes Toward Signing Avatars Vary Depending on Hearing Status, Age of Signed Language Acquisition, and Avatar Type

   https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.730917  

   Quandt, Lorna C.; Willis, Athena; Schwenk, Melody; Weeks, Kaitlyn; Ferster, Ruthie (February 2022, Frontiers in Psychology)

   The use of virtual humans (i.e., avatars) holds the potential for interactive, automated interaction in domains such as remote communication, customer service, or public announcements. For signed language users, signing avatars could potentially provide accessible content by sharing information in the signer's preferred or native language. As the development of signing avatars has gained traction in recent years, researchers have come up with many different methods of creating signing avatars. The resulting avatars vary widely in their appearance, the naturalness of their movements, and facial expressions—all of which may potentially impact users' acceptance of the avatars. We designed a study to test the effects of these intrinsic properties of different signing avatars while also examining the extent to which people's own language experiences change their responses to signing avatars. We created video stimuli showing individual signs produced by (1) a live human signer (Human), (2) an avatar made using computer-synthesized animation (CS Avatar), and (3) an avatar made using high-fidelity motion capture (Mocap avatar). We surveyed 191 American Sign Language users, including Deaf ( N = 83), Hard-of-Hearing ( N = 34), and Hearing ( N = 67) groups. Participants rated the three signers on multiple dimensions, which were then combined to form ratings of Attitudes, Impressions, Comprehension, and Naturalness. Analyses demonstrated that the Mocap avatar was rated significantly more positively than the CS avatar on all primary variables. Correlations revealed that signers who acquire sign language later in life are more accepting of and likely to have positive impressions of signing avatars. Finally, those who learned ASL earlier were more likely to give lower, more negative ratings to the CS avatar, but we did not see this association for the Mocap avatar or the Human signer. Together, these findings suggest that movement quality and appearance significantly impact users' ratings of signing avatars and show that signed language users with earlier age of ASL acquisition are the most sensitive to movement quality issues seen in computer-generated avatars. We suggest that future efforts to develop signing avatars consider retaining the fluid movement qualities integral to signed languages. 

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4. The impact of color correlated temperature and illuminance levels of office lighting on stress and cognitive restoration

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102628  

   Awada, Mohamad; Gerber, Burcin Becerik; Lucas, Gale M; Roll, Shawn C (June 2025, Journal of Environmental Psychology)

   In modern workplaces, the well-being and productivity of employees are increasingly recognized as essential for organizational success. This study explores the impact of lighting interventions—specifically, Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) and illumination intensity—on stress and cognitive function restoration among office workers. A between-subjects experimental design involving 100 participants assessed the effects of various lighting conditions on stress responses and cognitive performance after exposure to stress-inducing and cognitive fatigue tasks. Five experimental conditions were studied: 100 lux & 7000 K, 100 lux & 3000 K, 1000 lux & 7000 K, 1000 lux & 3000 K, and a baseline condition of 500 lux at 3700 K. Results indicated that lighting conditions significantly influence both physiological stress markers (such as skin conductance level and heart rate) and cognitive performance. Specifically, warm, and dimmed lighting (3000 K, 100 lux) effectively reduced stress markers and perceived stress levels, aligning with theories suggesting the calming effects of warmer white light tones. Conversely, cooler lighting (7000 K) was associated with enhanced cognitive performance and reduced cognitive fatigue, potentially due to its similarity to natural daylight, stimulating an alert state conducive to mental tasks. These findings suggest that lighting interventions offer a non-intrusive strategy to improve well-being and productivity in office environments, particularly addressing acute symptoms. 

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5. Understanding Avatar Identification through Visual Similarity for Richer Story Creation

   Park, Hannah; Brown, Sarah; Chu, Sharon Lynn (January 2019, Communications in computer and information science)

   This paper explores avatar identification in creative story- telling applications where users create their own story and environment. We present a study that investigated the effects of avatar facial similarity to the user on the quality of the story product they create. The children told a story using a digital puppet-based storytelling system by inter- acting with a physical puppet box that was augmented with a real-time video feed of the puppet enactment. We used a facial morphing technique to manipulate avatar facial similarity to the user. The resulting morphed image was applied to each participants puppet character, thus creating a custom avatar for each child to use in story creation. We hypothesized that the more familiar avatars appeared to participants, the stronger the sense of character identification would be, resulting in higher story quality. The proposed rationale is that visual familiarity may lead participants to draw richer story details from their past real-life experiences. Qualitative analysis of the stories supported our hypothesis. Our results contribute to avatar design in children's creative storytelling applications. 

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