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1. The Arctic Plant Aboveground Biomass Synthesis Dataset, Pan-Arctic, 1998-2022

   https://doi.org/10.18739/A2QJ78081  

   Berner, Logan T; Orndahl, Kathleen M; Rose, Melissa; Tamstorf, Mikkel; Arndal, Marie F; Alexander, Heather D; Yang, Dedi; Sistla, Seeta; Humphreys, Elyn R; Loranty, Michael M; et al (January 2024, NSF Arctic Data Center)

   Plant biomass is a fundamental ecosystem attribute that is sensitive to rapid climatic changes occurring in the Arctic. Nevertheless, measuring plant biomass in the Arctic is logistically challenging and resource intensive. Lack of accessible field data hinders efforts to understand the amount, composition, distribution, and changes in plant biomass in these northern ecosystems. Here, we present The Arctic Plant Aboveground Biomass Synthesis Dataset, which includes field measurements of lichen, bryophyte, herb, shrub, and/or tree aboveground biomass grams per meter squared (g/m^2) on 2327 sample plots in seven countries. We created the synthesis dataset by assembling and harmonizing 32 individual datasets. Aboveground biomass was primarily quantified by harvesting sample plots during mid- to late-summer, though tree and often tall shrub biomass were quantified using surveys and allometric models. Each biomass measurement is associated with metadata including sample date, location, method, data source, and other information. This unique dataset can be leveraged to monitor, map, and model plant biomass across the rapidly warming Arctic. 

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2. Plant functional type aboveground biomass change within Alaska and northwest Canada mapped using a 35-year satellite time series from 1985 to 2020

   https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac9d50  

   Orndahl, Kathleen M.; Macander, Matthew J.; Berner, Logan T.; Goetz, Scott J. (November 2022, Environmental Research Letters)

   Abstract Changes in vegetation distribution are underway in Arctic and boreal regions due to climate warming and associated fire disturbance. These changes have wide ranging downstream impacts—affecting wildlife habitat, nutrient cycling, climate feedbacks and fire regimes. It is thus critical to understand where these changes are occurring and what types of vegetation are affected, and to quantify the magnitude of the changes. In this study, we mapped live aboveground biomass for five common plant functional types (PFTs; deciduous shrubs, evergreen shrubs, forbs, graminoids and lichens) within Alaska and northwest Canada, every five years from 1985 to 2020. We employed a multi-scale approach, scaling from field harvest data and unmanned aerial vehicle-based biomass predictions to produce wall-to-wall maps based on climatological, topographic, phenological and Landsat spectral predictors. We found deciduous shrub and graminoid biomass were predicted best among PFTs. Our time-series analyses show increases in deciduous (37%) and evergreen shrub (7%) biomass, and decreases in graminoid (14%) and lichen (13%) biomass over a study area of approximately 500 000 km². Fire was an important driver of recent changes in the study area, with the largest changes in biomass associated with historic fire perimeters. Decreases in lichen and graminoid biomass often corresponded with increasing shrub biomass. These findings illustrate the driving trends in vegetation change within the Arctic/boreal region. Understanding these changes and the impacts they in turn will have on Arctic and boreal ecosystems will be critical to understanding the trajectory of climate change in the region. 

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3. Next generation Arctic vegetation maps: Aboveground plant biomass and woody dominance mapped at 30 m resolution across the tundra biome

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.114717  

   Orndahl, Kathleen M; Berner, Logan T; Macander, Matthew J; Arndal, Marie F; Alexander, Heather D; Humphreys, Elyn R; Loranty, Michael M; Ludwig, Sarah M; Nyman, Johanna; Juutinen, Sari; et al (June 2025, Remote Sensing of Environment)

   Chen, Jing M (Ed.)

   The Arctic is warming faster than anywhere else on Earth, placing tundra ecosystems at the forefront of global climate change. Plant biomass is a fundamental ecosystem attribute that is sensitive to changes in climate, closely tied to ecological function, and crucial for constraining ecosystem carbon dynamics. However, the amount, functional composition, and distribution of plant biomass are only coarsely quantified across the Arctic. Therefore, we developed the first moderate resolution (30 m) maps of live aboveground plant biomass (g m− 2) and woody plant dominance (%) for the Arctic tundra biome, including the mountainous Oro Arctic. We modeled biomass for the year 2020 using a new synthesis dataset of field biomass harvest measurements, Landsat satellite seasonal synthetic composites, ancillary geospatial data, and machine learning models. Additionally, we quantified pixel-wise uncertainty in biomass predictions using Monte Carlo simulations and validated the models using a robust, spatially blocked and nested cross-validation procedure. Observed plant and woody plant biomass values ranged from 0 to ~6000 g m− 2 (mean ≈350 g m− 2), while predicted values ranged from 0 to ~4000 g m− 2 (mean ≈275 g m− 2), resulting in model validation root-mean-squared-error (RMSE) ≈400 g m− 2 and R2 ≈ 0.6. Our maps not only capture large-scale patterns of plant biomass and woody plant dominance across the Arctic that are linked to climatic variation (e.g., thawing degree days), but also illustrate how fine-scale patterns are shaped by local surface hydrology, topography, and past disturbance. By providing data on plant biomass across Arctic tundra ecosystems at the highest resolution to date, our maps can significantly advance research and inform decision-making on topics ranging from Arctic vegetation monitoring and wildlife conservation to carbon accounting and land surface modeling 

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4. Gridded 30-meter resolution estimates of aboveground plant biomass, woody plant biomass and woody plant dominance across the Arctic tundra biome (2020)

   https://doi.org/10.18739/a2ns0m06b  

   Orndahl, Kathleen M; Berner, Logan T; Macander, Matthew J; Arndal, Marie F; Alexander, Heather D; Humphreys, Elyn R; Loranty, Michael M; Ludwig, Sarah M; Nyman, Johanna; Juutinen, Sari; et al (January 2024, NSF Arctic Data Center)

   This dataset provides estimates of live, oven-dried aboveground biomass of all plants (tree, shrub, graminoid, forb, bryophyte) and all woody plants (tree, shrub) at 30-meter resolution across the Arctic tundra biome. Estimates of woody plant dominance are also provided as: (woody plant biomass / plant biomass) * 100. Plant biomass and woody plant biomass were estimated for each pixel (grams per square meter [g / m2]) using field harvest data for calibration/validation along with modeled seasonal surface reflectance data derived using Landsat satellite imagery and the Continuous Change Detection and Classification algorithm, and other supplementary predictors related to topography, region (e.g. bioclimate zone, ecosystem type), land cover, and derivative spectral products. Modeling was performed in a two-stage process using random forest models. First, biomass presence/absence was predicted using probability forests. Then, biomass quantity was predicted using regression forests. The model outputs were combined to produce final biomass estimates. Pixel uncertainty was assessed using Monte Carlo iterations. Field and remote sensing data were permuted during each iteration and the median (50th percentile, p500) predictions for each pixel were considered best estimates. In addition, this dataset provides the lower (2.5th percentile, p025) and upper (97.5th percentile, p975) bounds of a 95% uncertainty interval. Estimates of woody plant dominance are not modeled directly, but rather derived from plant biomass and woody plant biomass best estimates. The Pan Arctic domain includes both the Polar Arctic, defined using bioclimate zone data from the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Mapping Project (CAVM; Walker et al., 2005), and the Oro Arctic (treeless alpine tundra at high latitudes outside the Polar Arctic), defined using tundra ecoregions from the RESOLVE ecoregions dataset (Dinerstein et al., 2017) and treeline data from CAVM (CAVM Team, 2003). The mapped products focus on Arctic tundra vegetation biomass, but the coarse delineation of this biome meant some forested areas were included within the study domain. Therefore, this dataset also provides a tree mask product that can be used to mask out areas with canopy height ≥ 5 meters. This mask helps reduce, but does not eliminate entirely, areas of dense tree cover within the domain. Users should be cautious of predictions in forested areas as the models used to predict biomass were not well constrained in these areas. This dataset includes 132 files: 128 cloud-optimized GeoTIFFs, 2 tables in comma-separated values (CSV) format, 1 vector polygon in Shapefile format, and one figure in JPEG format. Raster data is provided in the WGS 84 / North Pole LAEA Bering Sea projection (EPSG:3571) at 30 meter (m) resolution. Raster data are tiled with letters representing rows and numbers representing columns, but note that some tiles do not contain unmasked pixels. We included all tiles nonetheless to maintain consistency. Tiling information can be found in the ‘metadata’ directory as a figure (JPEG) or shapefile. 

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5. Plant diversity dynamics over space and time in a warming Arctic

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08946-8  

   García_Criado, Mariana; Myers-Smith, Isla H; Bjorkman, Anne D; Elmendorf, Sarah C; Normand, Signe; Aastrup, Peter; Aerts, Rien; Alatalo, Juha M; Baeten, Lander; Björk, Robert G; et al (April 2025, Nature)

   Abstract The Arctic is warming four times faster than the global average¹and plant communities are responding through shifts in species abundance, composition and distribution^2–4. However, the direction and magnitude of local changes in plant diversity in the Arctic have not been quantified. Using a compilation of 42,234 records of 490 vascular plant species from 2,174 plots across the Arctic, here we quantified temporal changes in species richness and composition through repeat surveys between 1981 and 2022. We also identified the geographical, climatic and biotic drivers behind these changes. We found greater species richness at lower latitudes and warmer sites, but no indication that, on average, species richness had changed directionally over time. However, species turnover was widespread, with 59% of plots gaining and/or losing species. Proportions of species gains and losses were greater where temperatures had increased the most. Shrub expansion, particularly of erect shrubs, was associated with greater species losses and decreasing species richness. Despite changes in plant composition, Arctic plant communities did not become more similar to each other, suggesting no biotic homogenization so far. Overall, Arctic plant communities changed in richness and composition in different directions, with temperature and plant–plant interactions emerging as the main drivers of change. Our findings demonstrate how climate and biotic drivers can act in concert to alter plant composition, which could precede future biodiversity changes that are likely to affect ecosystem function, wildlife habitats and the livelihoods of Arctic peoples^5,6. 

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