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1. Weighting effective number of species measures by abundance weakens detection of diversity responses

   https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13345  

   Cao, Yong ; Hawkins, Charles P. ; Magrach, ed., Ainhoa ( February 2019 , Journal of Applied Ecology)

   The effective number of species (ENS) has been proposed as a robust measure of species diversity that overcomes several limitations in terms of both diversity indices and species richness (SR). However, it is not yet clear ifENSimproves interpretation and comparison of biodiversity monitoring data, and ultimately resource management decisions.

   We used simulations of five stream macroinvertebrate assemblages and spatially extensive field data of stream fishes and mussels to show (a) how differentENSformulations respond to stress and (b) how diversity–environment relationships change with values ofq, which weightENSmeasures by species abundances.

   Values ofENSderived from whole simulated assemblages with all species weighted equally (true SR) steadily decreased as stress increased, andENS‐stress relationships became weaker and more different among assemblages with increased weighting.

   The amount of variation inENSacross the fish and mussel assemblages that was associated with environmental gradients decreased with increasingq.

   Synthesis and applications. Species diversity is valued by many human societies, which often have policies designed to protect and restore it. Natural resources managers and policy makers may use species richness and diversity indices to describe the status of ecological communities. However, these traditional diversity measures are known subject to limitations that hinder their interpretation and comparability. The effective number of species (ENS) was proposed to overcome the limitations. Unfortunately, our analyses show thatENSdoes not improve interpretability of how species diversity responds to either stress or natural environmental gradients. Moreover, incorporating the relative abundance of individuals in different species (evenness) into diversity measures as implemented inENScan actually weaken detection of diversity responses. Natural resources managers and policy makers therefore need to be cautious when interpreting diversity measures, includingENS, whose values are jointly influenced by richness and evenness. We suggest that both researchers and practitioners measure and report three aspects of diversity (species richness, evenness, and composition) separately when assessing and monitoring the diversity of ecological communities.

    

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2. Supporting the adaptive capacity of species through more effective knowledge exchange with conservation practitioners

   https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13266  

   Cook, Carly N. ; Beever, Erik A. ; Thurman, Lindsey L. ; Thompson, Laura M. ; Gross, John E. ; Whiteley, Andrew R. ; Nicotra, Adrienne B. ; Szymanski, Jennifer A. ; Botero, Carlos A. ; Hall, Kimberly R. ; et al ( July 2021 , Evolutionary Applications)

   There is an imperative for conservation practitioners to help biodiversity adapt to accelerating environmental change. Evolutionary biologists are well‐positioned to inform the development of evidence‐based management strategies that support the adaptive capacity of species and ecosystems. Conservation practitioners increasingly accept that management practices must accommodate rapid environmental change, but harbour concerns about how to apply recommended changes to their management contexts. Given the interest from both conservation practitioners and evolutionary biologists in adjusting management practices, we believe there is an opportunity to accelerate the required changes by promoting closer collaboration between these two groups. We highlight how evolutionary biologists can harness lessons from other disciplines about how to foster effective knowledge exchange to make a substantive contribution to the development of effective conservation practices. These lessons include the following: (1) recognizing why practitioners do and do not use scientific evidence; (2) building an evidence base that will influence management decisions; (3) translating theory into a format that conservation practitioners can use to inform management practices; and (4) developing strategies for effective knowledge exchange. Although efforts will be required on both sides, we believe there are rewards for both practitioners and evolutionary biologists, not least of which is fostering practices to help support the long‐term persistence of species.

    

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3. Key questions in marine mammal bioenergetics

   https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coac055  

   McHuron, Elizabeth A ; Adamczak, Stephanie ; Arnould, John P ; Ashe, Erin ; Booth, Cormac ; Bowen, W Don ; Christiansen, Fredrik ; Chudzinska, Magda ; Costa, Daniel P ; Fahlman, Andreas ; et al ( January 2022 , Conservation Physiology)

   Cooke, Steven (Ed.)

   Abstract Bioenergetic approaches are increasingly used to understand how marine mammal populations could be affected by a changing and disturbed aquatic environment. There remain considerable gaps in our knowledge of marine mammal bioenergetics, which hinder the application of bioenergetic studies to inform policy decisions. We conducted a priority-setting exercise to identify high-priority unanswered questions in marine mammal bioenergetics, with an emphasis on questions relevant to conservation and management. Electronic communication and a virtual workshop were used to solicit and collate potential research questions from the marine mammal bioenergetic community. From a final list of 39 questions, 11 were identified as ‘key’ questions because they received votes from at least 50% of survey participants. Key questions included those related to energy intake (prey landscapes, exposure to human activities) and expenditure (field metabolic rate, exposure to human activities, lactation, time-activity budgets), energy allocation priorities, metrics of body condition and relationships with survival and reproductive success and extrapolation of data from one species to another. Existing tools to address key questions include labelled water, animal-borne sensors, mark-resight data from long-term research programs, environmental DNA and unmanned vehicles. Further validation of existing approaches and development of new methodologies are needed to comprehensively address some key questions, particularly for cetaceans. The identification of these key questions can provide a guiding framework to set research priorities, which ultimately may yield more accurate information to inform policies and better conserve marine mammal populations. 

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4. Preventing a series of unfortunate events: Using qualitative models to improve conservation

   https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14231  

   Clark‐Wolf, T. J. ; Hahn, Philip G. ; Brelsford, Eric ; Francois, Jaleen ; Hayes, Nicolette ; Larkin, Beau ; Ramsey, Philip ; Pearson, Dean E. ( June 2022 , Journal of Applied Ecology)

   Biological organisms are increasingly being introduced and eradicated in an effort to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem function in the face of anthropogenic threats. However, these conservation actions can have unintended consequences to non‐target species. Careful vetting of these actions using ecological modelling tools could help predict and avoid unintended consequences.

   Qualitative modelling tools, such as fuzzy interaction webs (FIWs), allow for qualitative rankings of community properties (e.g. interaction strength = high, medium, low) in combination with quantitative information to predict management outcomes. These tools have lower data requirements than strictly quantitative models, facilitating their use for communities lacking comprehensive parameterization. However, no studies have evaluated the efficacy of FIWs for predicting unintended consequences against empirically documented outcomes. Moreover, there is no process for systematically identifying which species to incorporate in community‐level conservation assessments to overcome model structure uncertainty. Finally, there is a need to make qualitative modelling tools more accessible for conservation practitioners.

   We applied FIWs to the case study of lake trout introduction into Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park, to assess its ability to predict documented community‐level outcomes from an intentional species introduction. Next, we used the case study of the intentional red squirrel introduction to Newfoundland to show how a community assessment framework can help define the community interaction web needed for applying a FIW. Lastly, we introduced a user‐friendly web interface (https://matrix.mpgranch.com/#/) for applying FIWs to conservation questions.

   We found that the FIW predicted previously documented directional changes in the abundance of community components relatively well in the Yellowstone Lake case study, even with minimal knowledge of the system. The community assessment framework provided a formal process for identifying community components for the Newfoundland case study, and the resulting FIW predicted documented unintended consequences. The user interface predicts realistic outcomes in our study system and allows managers to build and apply FIWs for conservation planning.

   Synthesis and applications. Our community assessment framework and user interface can be used to apply FIWs to identify and avert potential unintended outcomes of species introductions and eradications for improved conservation management.

    

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5. Reframing conservation physiology to be more inclusive, integrative, relevant and forward-looking: reflections and a horizon scan

   https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coaa016  

   Cooke, Steven J ; Madliger, Christine L ; Cramp, Rebecca L ; Beardall, John ; Burness, Gary ; Chown, Steven L ; Clark, Timothy D ; Dantzer, Ben ; de la Barrera, Erick ; Fangue, Nann A ; et al ( January 2020 , Conservation Physiology)

   Haddon, Lindsay (Ed.)

   Abstract Applying physiological tools, knowledge and concepts to understand conservation problems (i.e. conservation physiology) has become commonplace and confers an ability to understand mechanistic processes, develop predictive models and identify cause-and-effect relationships. Conservation physiology is making contributions to conservation solutions; the number of ‘success stories’ is growing, but there remain unexplored opportunities for which conservation physiology shows immense promise and has the potential to contribute to major advances in protecting and restoring biodiversity. Here, we consider how conservation physiology has evolved with a focus on reframing the discipline to be more inclusive and integrative. Using a ‘horizon scan’, we further explore ways in which conservation physiology can be more relevant to pressing conservation issues of today (e.g. addressing the Sustainable Development Goals; delivering science to support the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration), as well as more forward-looking to inform emerging issues and policies for tomorrow. Our horizon scan provides evidence that, as the discipline of conservation physiology continues to mature, it provides a wealth of opportunities to promote integration, inclusivity and forward-thinking goals that contribute to achieving conservation gains. To advance environmental management and ecosystem restoration, we need to ensure that the underlying science (such as that generated by conservation physiology) is relevant with accompanying messaging that is straightforward and accessible to end users. 

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